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Shin Tsunekawa Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Naoki Yamamoto Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Katsura Tsukamoto Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Yuji Itoh Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Yukiko Kaneko Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Toshihide Kimura Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Yoh Ariyoshi Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Yoshitaka Miura Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Yutaka Oiso Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Ichiro Niki Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Central Research Laboratory, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd, 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei, Inabe, Mie 511-0406, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan

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Introduction The beneficial effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and its related substances such as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, its degrading enzyme, on the pancreatic β-cells have been reported; these agents enhance

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S J Brandt Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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M Kleinert Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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M H Tschöp Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany

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T D Müller Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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). For example, following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric banding or sleeve gastronomy, there is an increase in the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) ( Laferrere 2016 , Meek et al. 2016 , Clemmensen et al. 2017 ), which is known not

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Berit Svendsen Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Ramona Pais Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Maja S Engelstoft Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nikolay B Milev Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Paul Richards Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Charlotte B Christiansen Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kristoffer L Egerod Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Signe M Jensen Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Abdella M Habib Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Fiona M Gribble Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Thue W Schwartz Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Frank Reimann Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome Trust – MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction The incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) strongly potentiate postprandial insulin secretion and are therefore important regulators of glucose homeostasis. They are

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Jordan S F Chan Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Tanin Shafaati Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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John R Ussher Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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approval of three new drug classes available for the treatment of T2D, including the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and the sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Although

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Erica Yeo Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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Patricia L Brubaker Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

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Deborah M Sloboda Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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secretion, appetite regulation and gut motility) ( Gibbs et al. 1997 , Suzuki et al. 2010 ). However, of all the potential endocrine factors that could contribute to maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is

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Eun-Young Lee Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

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Xilin Zhang Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

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Junki Miyamoto Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan

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Ikuo Kimura Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan

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Tomoaki Taknaka Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

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Kenichi Furusawa Drug Fostering and Evolution Coordinating Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan

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Takahito Jomori Drug Fostering and Evolution Coordinating Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan

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Kosuke Fujimoto Department of Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan

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Satoshi Uematsu Department of Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan

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Takashi Miki Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

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Introduction Oral ingestion of carbohydrate triggers secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), the major incretins that inhibit the rise in blood glucose levels by potentiating insulin

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Tianru Jin Departments of Medicine, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Departments of Medicine, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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cDNAs from these species further revealed that it encodes not only glucagon but also two glucagon-like peptide hormones, namely glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and GLP-2 ( Lund et al . 1982 ). Glucagon is produced and released from the pancreatic α

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N M Whalley Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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L E Pritchard Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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D M Smith Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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A White Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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. doi:10.1002/rcm.3253 . Buteau J El-Assaad W Rhodes CJ Rosenberg L Joly E Prentki M 2004 Glucagon-like peptide-1 prevents beta cell glucolipotoxicity . Diabetologia 47 806 – 815 . doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1379-6 . Chu ZL Jones RM

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Elizabeth M Simpson School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Iain J Clarke School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Christopher J Scott School of Dentistry and Medical Science, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Cyril P Stephen School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Alexandra Rao School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Allan J Gunn School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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OVX ewes ( Iqbal et al. 2006 ). Another circulating appetite-regulating peptide is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) encoded by the preproglucagon gene ( GCG ) ( Huda et al. 2006 , Sandoval & D'Alessio 2015 , Sekar 2017 ). GLP-1 is an anorexigen

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Yingxin Xian Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Zonglan Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Hongrong Deng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Mengyin Cai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Hua Liang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Wen Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Jianping Weng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Fen Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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visceral omental fat in subjects with obesity exhibit severely impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation ( Farb et al. 2012 ). Clinical studies demonstrated that exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, improved glycemic control

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