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Philip Newsholme School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Vinicius Cruzat School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Frank Arfuso School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Kevin Keane School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Glucose, the body's primary metabolic fuel source, is ingested usually in polymeric form following the consumption of a mixed meal, and the subsequent postprandial elevation in blood glucose level is stringently modulated

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13-0616
Volume/Issue:
Volume 221: Issue 3
Free access
Laura D Brown Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus F441, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA

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metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes ( Barker et al . 2002 , Whincup et al . 2008 , Atlantis et al . 2009 ), and risk of cardiovascular events later in life ( Basaria & Bhasin 2012 ). Thus, suppressed development of muscle in IUGR fetuses could be a

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13-0567
Volume/Issue:
Volume 221: Issue 2
Free access
Keld Fosgerau In vivoPharmacology, Rheoscience, Ledøje Bygade 23B, DK-2765 Ledøje-Smørum, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Discovery and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia

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Christian Fledelius In vivoPharmacology, Rheoscience, Ledøje Bygade 23B, DK-2765 Ledøje-Smørum, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Discovery and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia

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Kent E Pedersen In vivoPharmacology, Rheoscience, Ledøje Bygade 23B, DK-2765 Ledøje-Smørum, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Discovery and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia

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Jesper B Kristensen In vivoPharmacology, Rheoscience, Ledøje Bygade 23B, DK-2765 Ledøje-Smørum, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Discovery and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia

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Jens R Daugaard In vivoPharmacology, Rheoscience, Ledøje Bygade 23B, DK-2765 Ledøje-Smørum, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Discovery and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia

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Miguel A Iglesias In vivoPharmacology, Rheoscience, Ledøje Bygade 23B, DK-2765 Ledøje-Smørum, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Discovery and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia

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Edward W Kraegen In vivoPharmacology, Rheoscience, Ledøje Bygade 23B, DK-2765 Ledøje-Smørum, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Discovery and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia

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Stuart M Furler In vivoPharmacology, Rheoscience, Ledøje Bygade 23B, DK-2765 Ledøje-Smørum, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Discovery and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia

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Introduction It is now apparent that disturbances in lipid metabolism contribute significantly to insulin resistance and other aspects of the metabolic syndrome. The tissues that primarily determine the whole-body glucose homeostasis

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06809
Volume/Issue:
Volume 190: Issue 3
Free access
Anna H Kongsted
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Sanne V Husted
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Malin P Thygesen Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Vibeke G Christensen
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Dominique Blache Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Tolver Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben Larsen Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bjørn Quistorff Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mette O Nielsen
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Introduction The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in an epidemic-like fashion, and it is particularly pronounced in developing countries currently undergoing rapid economic transition and experiencing

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13-0099
Volume/Issue:
Volume 219: Issue 2
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Elena Maneschi
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Linda Vignozzi
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Annamaria Morelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy

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Tommaso Mello Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy

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Sandra Filippi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy

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Ilaria Cellai
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Paolo Comeglio
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Erica Sarchielli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy

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Alessandra Calcagno Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy

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Benedetta Mazzanti Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy

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Roberto Vettor Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy

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Gabriella Barbara Vannelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy

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Luciano Adorini Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy

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Mario Maggi
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Introduction The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities centered on insulin resistance and visceral fat accumulation. In addition to insulin resistance and visceral obesity, MetS is accompanied by dyslipidemia with

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13-0109
Volume/Issue:
Volume 218: Issue 2
Free access
Iwona J Bujalska Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Omar M Durrani Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Joseph Abbott Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Claire U Onyimba Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Pamela Khosla Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Areeb H Moosavi Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Tristan T Q Reuser Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Paul M Stewart Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Elizabeth A Walker Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Saaeha Rauz Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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), ocular surface renewal ( Onyimba et al. 2006 ), inflammation ( Thieringer et al. 2001 , Zhang et al. 2005 ) and the metabolic syndrome – a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidaemia and insulin

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-06-0042
Volume/Issue:
Volume 192: Issue 2
Free access
I J Bujalska
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L L Gathercole
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J W Tomlinson
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C Darimont Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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J Ermolieff Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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A N Fanjul Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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P A Rejto Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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P M Stewart
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metabolic syndrome (MS). However, Cushing's syndrome is rare and circulating glucocorticoid levels are usually normal or even slightly reduced in obese patients ( Fraser et al . 1999 ). At a cellular level, glucocorticoids within human adipose tissue

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-08-0050
Volume/Issue:
Volume 197: Issue 2
Open access
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Irene Andrés-Blasco Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Andrea Herrero-Cervera Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Ángela Vinué Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Sergio Martínez-Hervás Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Laura Piqueras Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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María Jesús Sanz Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Deborah Jane Burks Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Herminia González-Navarro Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Department of Farmacology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain

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Introduction Patients with Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a shorter lifespan compared with the general population ( Zambon et al . 2009 ). They constitute a major problem to global health, and their incidence is

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-15-0219
Volume/Issue:
Volume 227: Issue 3
Free access
J L Nobre
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P C Lisboa
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A P Santos-Silva
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N S Lima
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A C Manhães
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J F Nogueira-Neto
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A Cabanelas Department of Physiological Sciences – 5° andar, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil

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C C Pazos-Moura Department of Physiological Sciences – 5° andar, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil

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E G Moura
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E de Oliveira
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alterations can simultaneously appear, a condition called metabolic syndrome, which presents central obesity and peripheral IR as the major components ( Weiss et al . 2004 ). Experimental and epidemiological studies show an association between exposure to

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-11-0172
Volume/Issue:
Volume 210: Issue 3
Free access
Masaru Koizumi Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology
Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology

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Toshihiko Yada Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology

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& Chrousos 2002 , Kyrou et al . 2006 ). In obesity and metabolic syndrome, excessive plasma glucocorticoid level is considered a factor that leads to diabetes ( Kyrou et al . 2006 , Dallman et al . 2007 ). Cushing's syndrome with elevated plasma

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-07-0462
Volume/Issue:
Volume 197: Issue 2
Free access