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Alexander Hennebry AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Jenny Oldham AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Tea Shavlakadze School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

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Miranda D Grounds School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

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Philip Sheard Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Marta L Fiorotto USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Shelley Falconer AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Heather K Smith Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Carole Berry AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Ferenc Jeanplong AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Jeremy Bracegirdle AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Kenneth Matthews AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Gina Nicholas AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Mônica Senna-Salerno AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Trevor Watson AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Christopher D McMahon AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Pangilinan J Miloscio L Bauerlein R Na E Potocky TB Huang Y Eckersdorff M Rafique A Mastaitis J 2015 Myostatin blockade with a fully human monoclonal antibody induces muscle hypertrophy and reverses muscle atrophy in

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Philip Newsholme School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Vinicius Cruzat School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Frank Arfuso School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Kevin Keane School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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.1371/journal.pone.0052611 ) Sartorelli V Fulco M 2004 Molecular and cellular determinants of skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy . Science's STKE 2004 re11 . Sato Y Aizawa T Komatsu M Okada N Yamada T 1992 Dual functional role of

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Laura D Brown Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus F441, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA

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muscle atrophy . Disease Models & Mechanisms 6 25 – 39 . ( doi:10.1242/dmm.010389 ) de Boo HA van Zijl PL Smith DE Kulik W Lafeber HN Harding JE 2005 Arginine and mixed amino acids increase protein accretion in the growth

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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muscle atrophy and bone loss in humans ( Kuzma et al . 2013 ), suggesting that growth hormone facilitates the mechanostat through its anabolic actions on bone. Notably, growth hormone had similar anabolic effects on bone in weight-bearing and weightless

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Koji Eguchi Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Yuichiro Izumi Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Yukiko Yasuoka Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan

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Terumasa Nakagawa Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Makoto Ono Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Kosuke Maruyama Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Naomi Matsuo Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Akiko Hiramatsu Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Hideki Inoue Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Yushi Nakayama Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Hiroshi Nonoguchi Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, Kitamoto, Saitama, Japan

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Hyun-Wook Lee Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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I David Weiner Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Nephrology and Hypertension Section, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Yutaka Kakizoe Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Takashige Kuwabara Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Masashi Mukoyama Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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the acid excretion ability of the kidney. Metabolic acidosis is an independent risk factor for the progression of CKD ( Vallet et al. 2015 , Raphael et al. 2017 ). It also causes osteoporosis and skeletal muscle atrophy in CKD patients ( Kopple

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Elena Conte Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

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Adele Romano Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘V. Erspamer’, SAPIENZA University, Rome, Italy

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Michela De Bellis Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

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Marialuisa de Ceglia Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘V. Erspamer’, SAPIENZA University, Rome, Italy

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Maria Rosaria Carratù Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (Section of Pharmacology), School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

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Silvana Gaetani Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘V. Erspamer’, SAPIENZA University, Rome, Italy

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Fatima Maqoud Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

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Domenico Tricarico Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

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Claudia Camerino Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘V. Erspamer’, SAPIENZA University, Rome, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (Section of Pharmacology), School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

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. ( https://doi.org/10.1159/000049988 ) Cretoiu SM Zugravu CA 2018 Nutritional considerations in preventing muscle atrophy . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1088 497 – 528 . ( https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_23 ) Cruz

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J Jeyabalan
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M Shah
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B Viollet Royal Veterinary College, Institut Cochin, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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C Chenu
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Clinical Investigation 113 805 – 806 . Peng XD Xu PZ Chen ML Hahn-Windgassen A Skeen J Jacobs J Sundararajan D Chen WS Crawford SE Coleman KG 2003 Dwarfism, impaired skin development, skeletal muscle atrophy, delayed bone

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Rachel Botchlett Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Pinnacle Clinical Research, Live Oak, USA

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Shih-Lung Woo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Mengyang Liu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Ya Pei Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Xin Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

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Honggui Li Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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. In contrast, inadequate intake and/or overconsumption of CHOs can result in metabolic complications. For example, long-term CHO deficiency in healthy/normal weight adults can result in hypoglycemia, muscle atrophy, or ketoacidosis, whereas

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Manuel D Gahete Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain

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Juan M Jiménez-Vacas Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain

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Emilia Alors-Pérez Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain

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Vicente Herrero-Aguayo Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain

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Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain

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Sergio Pedraza-Arévalo Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain

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Justo P Castaño Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain

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Raúl M Luque Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain

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glucocorticoids and display physical changes similar to those of patients with Cushing's syndrome, such as excessive fat accumulation, muscle atrophy, thin skin and alopecia. These findings indicate that chronic production of excessive CRF results in sustained

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Mark O Huising Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Corine P Kruiswijk Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Gert Flik Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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hepatocyte acute phase protein expression ( Espat et al. 1996 ), a property shared with several other class-I helical cytokines. CNTF −/− mice display only a mild loss of motor neurone numbers, which is accompanied by increased muscle atrophy later in

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