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significant activity in the tissues associated with pregnancy ( Lisboa & Holtermann 1976 , Milewich et al. 1979 , Sheehan et al. 2005 ); they catalyze the formation of 5α- and 5β-dihydroprogesterone (P5α and P5β ) respectively. The subsequent metabolism
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Abstract
The factors that determine the circulating levels of relaxin during pregnancy have been investigated by comparing the plasma levels of relaxin throughout pregnancy in women who became pregnant spontaneously (singleton, n=240) or following superovulation (singleton and multifetal pregnancies (two to ten conceptuses), n=83). Some of the women with multifetal pregnancies underwent selective fetal reduction to twin pregnancies. Relaxin levels were higher at 7–34 weeks of gestation in singleton pregnancies achieved following superovulation when compared with levels in spontaneously conceived singleton pregnancies (P<0·05–0·001). In samples obtained between 10 and 12 weeks of gestation (before fetal reduction for the multifetal pregnancies), plasma relaxin levels correlated with fetal number (r=0·526, P=0·0001). Reduction in fetal number to a twin pregnancy did not alter relaxin levels. These data suggest that the circulating levels of relaxin throughout pregnancy are determined during the cycle of conception by gonadotrophin stimulation, and within the first 10 weeks of pregnancy by the luteotrophic stimulus from the conceptus. Furthermore, once corpus luteum synthesis of relaxin is established, then reduction in the luteotrophic stimulus does not appear to affect it.
Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 142, 261–265
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SUMMARY
The adrenal glands from twenty-four cases of sudden death during pregnancy and immediately post partum have been examined. The mean combined adrenal weight in the pregnancy cases was slightly greater than in controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was, however, a significant increase in the width of the z. fasciculata in the pregnancy cases due toan increase in the width of the inner part of this zone. This change occurred early in pregnancy, and there was no progressive increase in width with the duration of the pregnancy. Histochemical tests showed that the only difference from the controls was in the inner part of the z. fasciculata where there was reduction in the amount of sudanophilia. The appearance of the cortex in pregnancy was quite unlike that found in glands stimulated by systemic disease or corticotrophin. These findings are discussed in relation to the chemical evidence of increased urinary steroid excretion in pregnancy.
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Introduction: evidence for pregnancy adaptation of cell signaling and associated changes in nitric oxide output Pregnancy-specific programming of endothelial nitric oxide production Nitric oxide (NO) is an important vasodilator produced by vascular
Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Research Area: Ecodesarrollo de la Producción Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México
Departamento de Investigación Experimental y Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
EIAH-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Juan Acateno, Teziutlan, Puebla, México
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Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Research Area: Ecodesarrollo de la Producción Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México
Departamento de Investigación Experimental y Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
EIAH-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Juan Acateno, Teziutlan, Puebla, México
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Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Research Area: Ecodesarrollo de la Producción Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México
Departamento de Investigación Experimental y Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
EIAH-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Juan Acateno, Teziutlan, Puebla, México
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Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Research Area: Ecodesarrollo de la Producción Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México
Departamento de Investigación Experimental y Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
EIAH-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Juan Acateno, Teziutlan, Puebla, México
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Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Research Area: Ecodesarrollo de la Producción Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México
Departamento de Investigación Experimental y Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
EIAH-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Juan Acateno, Teziutlan, Puebla, México
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Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Research Area: Ecodesarrollo de la Producción Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México
Departamento de Investigación Experimental y Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
EIAH-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Juan Acateno, Teziutlan, Puebla, México
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Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Research Area: Ecodesarrollo de la Producción Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México
Departamento de Investigación Experimental y Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
EIAH-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Juan Acateno, Teziutlan, Puebla, México
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Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, Research Area: Ecodesarrollo de la Producción Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México
Departamento de Investigación Experimental y Bioterio, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
EIAH-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Juan Acateno, Teziutlan, Puebla, México
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throughout pregnancy ( Gluckman & Pinal 2003 ). Exogenous administration of ST seems to reverse the higher mortality rate and adverse neurological consequences associated with intrauterine growth retardation ( Noeker 2005 ). In a study administering ST to
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SUMMARY
The concentration of cortisol and cortisone in mixed saliva has been measured in normal non-pregnant women, normal pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy and pregnant ones with mild toxaemia in the third trimester. The ratio of cortisol to cortisone was 1:4 for the non-pregnant and 1:5 for the pregnant women. The mean concentration of cortisol for the pregnant subjects was twice that of the non-pregnant and the mean concentration of cortisone three times that of the non-pregnant women. Filtration studies showed no significant binding of cortisol or cortisone in the saliva.
It is concluded that the raised concentration of cortisol and cortisone in saliva indicates a raised concentration in the cells of the salivary gland. If this rise is common to the connective tissues generally it provides a reasonable explanation for the remission of rheumatoid arthritis experienced by some patients in the latter months of pregnancy.
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In late pregnancy the coefficient of variation of urinary 5β-pregnane-3α, 20α-diol from day to day is 24% in the same subject (Klopper, 1964). This variability is one of the factors which detracts from the value of pregnanediol assay. In 1959 Klopper & Macnaughton identified pregnanediol in faeces and suggested that a variable alimentary loss of pregnanediol might contribute to the variation in urinary pregnanediol. Davis, Plotz, Le Roy, Gould & Werbin (1956) measured the radioactivity recovered in the faeces after injection of [4-14C]progesterone but very little is known about the amount excreted in the faeces.
This study compares the urinary and faecal pregnanediol excretion during a 6-day period. All 12 subjects were between 30 and 34 weeks pregnant and had normal pregnancies. Complete urine and faecal collections were made for 6 days in a metabolic unit. Urinary pregnanediol was measured by the method of Klopper, Michie & Brown
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SUMMARY
A histological study was made of ovaries obtained from patients in the latter half of pregnancy; the duration of pregnancy ranged from 26 to 40 weeks. During the first 7 weeks of this period there was little evidence of follicular activity. From 33 weeks to term new Graafian follicles, rarely exceeding 4 mm in diameter, appeared in progressively increasing numbers. This may be a critical stage in follicular development when the follicle must either go on to complete maturity or suffer atresia. Luteinization of the granulosa layer occasionally occurred in these follicles but it was not accompanied by proliferation of granulosa cells; the surrounding thecal cells frequently showed no sign of luteinization and were sometimes atrophic. The factors responsible for granulosa luteinization seem not to be the same as those necessary for theca luteinization, nor are they identical with the mechanisms responsible for luteal proliferation.
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SUMMARY
1. Samples of plasma and serum from healthy non-pregnant women, from normal gravidae and from patients with pre-eclamptic toxaemia have been tested for antidiuretic activity by means of the method described by Jeffers, Livezey & Austin [1942].
2. An antidiuretic substance (ADS) is present in normal pregnancy serum, and in pre-eclamptic plasma and serum. ADS was not detected in non-pregnant serum or plasma or in normal pregnancy plasma.
3. Normal pregnancy plasma contains a substance which inactivates both vasopressin and the ADS present in normal pregnancy serum and in pre-eclamptic plasma. This inactivator was not demonstrated in non-pregnant plasma.
4. Vasopressin and ADS are inactivated both by thioglycollic acid and normal pregnancy plasma.
5. The antidiuretic activity of normal pregnancy serum is not attributable to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).
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SUMMARY
Rabbits were injected with oestradiol-17β for 3–6 consecutive days at different times during pregnancy. The course of pregnancy was followed thereafter, or, in acute experiments, the staircase effect and the oxytocin sensitivity were determined on the day following the last injection. Results showed that doses of oestrogen sufficient to interrupt pregnancy through an effect on the endometrial component of the uterus did not directly antagonize the influence of endogenous progesterone on the myometrium. Diminution of the progesterone block indicated by the oxytocin sensitivity of the myometrium is considered to be due to degeneration of the placenta and hence of its ability to maintain the corpus luteum.
The dosage of oestrogen necessary to interrupt pregnancy was higher in late pregnancy. This is in agreement with the finding that oestrogen production increases steadily from mid-pregnancy to term.
