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Lidia I Serova
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Heather A Harris Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA

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Shreekrishna Maharjan
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Esther L Sabban
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Introduction It is now widely appreciated that there are distinct gender-related differences in stress–responses and in susceptibility to stress-associated disorders ( Baum & Grunberg 1991 , Figueiredo et al . 2002 , Kajantie & Phillips 2006

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Mariana Rosolen Tavares Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Renata Frazao Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jose Donato Jr Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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and body growth. So, what would be the function of GH in adults when its basal secretion is decreased and the final stature has already been reached? Different situations of acute or chronic stress are known to induce a robust GH secretion. This is

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Paula J Brunton Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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Katie M Sullivan Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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David Kerrigan Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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John A Russell Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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Amanda J Drake Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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and adulthood ( Seckl & Holmes 2007 ). Moreover, evidence from human studies indicate that prenatal stress (PNS) is associated with a greater risk for developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes later in life ( Entringer et al . 2008 , Li et

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Joachim M Weitzel Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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Torsten Viergutz Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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Dirk Albrecht Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany

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Rupert Bruckmaier Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Marion Schmicke Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany

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Armin Tuchscherer Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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Franziska Koch Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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Björn Kuhla Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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the summer period induce metabolic heat stress, which has adverse effects on milk production, reproductive performance and animal welfare issues, among others. Counterregulatory mechanisms generally include an increased sweating rate, increased water

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David O'Regan Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Megan C Holmes Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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excess glucocorticoids via maternal stress, inhibition of placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, the normal ‘barrier’ to maternal glucocorticoids, or its bypass with non-substrate synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (DEX

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Dóra Zelena
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Ágnes Domokos
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Subodh Kumar Jain Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Department of Pyschiatry, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Science, PO Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary

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Ryan Jankord Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Department of Pyschiatry, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Science, PO Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary

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Ludmila Filaretova Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Department of Pyschiatry, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Science, PO Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary

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Introduction Maintaining homeostasis in a constantly changing environment is a fundamental process of life. Hans Selye, the father of the stress concept, defined the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis as the major component required

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Rodrigo S Fortunato Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Mixed Unity of Research (UMR) 8200 – Genomes and Cancer, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS - Bloco G - Subsolo - Sala G0-031, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Andrea C F Ferreira Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Mixed Unity of Research (UMR) 8200 – Genomes and Cancer, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS - Bloco G - Subsolo - Sala G0-031, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Fabio Hecht Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Mixed Unity of Research (UMR) 8200 – Genomes and Cancer, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS - Bloco G - Subsolo - Sala G0-031, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Mixed Unity of Research (UMR) 8200 – Genomes and Cancer, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS - Bloco G - Subsolo - Sala G0-031, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Corinne Dupuy Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Mixed Unity of Research (UMR) 8200 – Genomes and Cancer, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS - Bloco G - Subsolo - Sala G0-031, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Denise P Carvalho Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Mixed Unity of Research (UMR) 8200 – Genomes and Cancer, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS - Bloco G - Subsolo - Sala G0-031, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Jaimungal S Sheikh-Ali M Mooradian AD 2012 Estrogen-dependent inhibition of dextrose-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and superoxide generation in endothelial cells . Free Radical Biology & Medicine 52 2161 – 2167 . ( doi:10.1016/j

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Femke L Groeneweg
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Henk Karst Department of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands

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E Ron de Kloet
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Marian Joëls Department of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands

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Introduction Stress has many faces. On the one hand, it is a highly adaptive response to disturbances in homeostasis. Decades of research have identified a complex, tightly balanced system in the brain and periphery that translates the effects of

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Bo Chen Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Human Anatomy, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Human Anatomy, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China

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Yanrong Lu Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Human Anatomy, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China

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Younan Chen Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Human Anatomy, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China

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Jingqiu Cheng Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Human Anatomy, Ministry of Health, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Keyuan Road 4th, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People's Republic of China

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. Oxidative stress, hypoxia, and flow disturbances are important factors that are related to endothelial dysfunction ( Coleman et al . 2013 ). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals and reactive metabolites that contain oxygen molecules with unpaired

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Erin Faught Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

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Lynsi Henrickson Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

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Mathilakath M Vijayan Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

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key role in protein homeostasis during cellular stress ( Deane & Woo 2011 ). In fish, the intracellular induction of Hsps, in particular Hsp70, has been well characterized in response to a plethora of stimuli ( Iwama et al . 1999 , Basu et al . 2002

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