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Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5850, USA
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in fat absorption efficiency between WT and Parp -KO mice were due to a difference in fat absorption, fecal lipid output was measured directly after they were fed the HF diet for 18 weeks. The percent of fatty acids content was not significantly
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
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, USA). Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride concentrations were determined by enzymatic assays using kits from Wako Chemical (Osaka, Japan) and Sigma respectively. The plasma insulin level was determined by a RIA (Linco Research). The levels of
Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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the liver through the portal vein. For example, excess free fatty acid release from the omental adipose tissue interferes with liver metabolism and contributes to the development of hyperinsulinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. In addition, subcutaneous
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SUMMARY
The lipid composition of immature rat ovaries was examined after induction of ovulation with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin and subsequent (7–8 days later) stimulation with 10 μg LH. Two hours after the administration of LH, there was a decrease of approximately 50% in the concentration of cholesteryl esters in the ovary. The percentages (by weight) of sterol esters containing stearate, linoleate, eicosatrienoate and arachidonate were reduced by LH treatment, whereas the percentage of the C24:4 acid increased. No changes were observed in either the concentrations or fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triglycerides. These observations suggest that the metabolism of cholesteryl esters is acutely affected by LH and that sterol esters bearing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are preferentially mobilized. Liberation of these unsaturated fatty acyl moieties may have significant effects on metabolism in the ovarian cell.
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SUMMARY
In this study of lipid metabolism of the rat uterus during early pregnancy, lipids were extracted after incubation with [1,2-14C]acetate or after its administration in vivo. The results indicated that the synthesis and concentration of triglyceride increased with time after mating. Triglyceride accumulated in uterine tissue before implantation and was depleted in tissue from implantation areas by day 7. Synthesis of fatty acid increased with time after mating, as did the concentration of various lipids other than cholesterol in the free sterol fraction. Supporting the concept that lipids are necessary during early embryonic development, the results suggest that the rat utilizes endometrial fatty acid esterified to triglyceride. No trends related to time were seen in the rate of synthesis nor in the concentration of sterol ester or free fatty acid; hence, specific concentrations of these lipids are probably not necessary for embryonic development during early pregnancy.
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SUMMARY
The intravenous administration of ovine placental lactogen to pregnant and non-pregnant sheep produced significant acute decreases in plasma free fatty acid, glucose and amino nitrogen concentrations. Plasma insulin concentrations decreased 1 h after administration of ovine placental lactogen and then increased significantly above baseline concentrations. The results suggest that, like human placental lactogen, ovine placental lactogen is important in the modulation of intermediary metabolism during pregnancy. The sheep is an excellent animal model for the investigation of the physiology of placental lactogen.
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Pregnancy and progesterone treatment of ovariectomized rats decrease glucose metabolism through the pentose-phosphate pathway in isolated female rat adipocytes. As demonstrated in previous studies, progesterone directly decreases [1-14C]glucose oxidation through the pentose-phosphate pathway and lipogenesis from [6-14C]glucose; the present study therefore compared glucose-induced lipid synthesis during pregnancy (10, 16 and 20 days of pregnancy) with the effect of progesterone treatment (5 mg/rat per day for 14 days) to shed more light on the role of this steroid in glucose metabolism during pregnancy. The inhibition of [6-14C]glucose incorporation into triacylglycerols in the progesterone-treated rats was comparable to that which occurs during late (20 days) and mid-pregnancy (16 days) but not during early pregnancy (10 days). The inhibition of fatty acid synthesis was more important as pregnancy advanced and was different from the decrease in fatty acid synthesis induced by progesterone treatment. The sensitivity to insulin was comparable in virgin, ovariectomized and progesterone-treated ovariectomized rats but not in pregnant rats. This implies that progesterone and insulin affect glucose-induced lipid synthesis by distinct processes and that the impaired glucose metabolism is characterized by a reduction in basal glucose utilization rather than by an impaired insulin response.
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SUMMARY
1. The mechanism of action of large doses of glucocorticoids has been investigated in two series of rabbits, the first receiving cortisone and the second an infusion of olive oil to induce a condition simulating 'mobilization of depot fat' to the liver.
2. The metabolic turnover of liver phospholipids is enhanced both after cortisone and after infusion for 9 hr. with a fat emulsion.
3. Changes in lipid composition in serum and liver were almost identical after cortisone or infusion of fat emulsion. Levels of neutral fat, non-esterified fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol, and also glucose, were increased in serum; neutral fat accumulated in the liver. Neither cortisone nor fat infusion caused any changes in lipids in the aorta.
4. The present findings are taken as evidence of the secondary nature of changes in phospholipid metabolism after cortisone. Cortisone causes primarily an accelerated transfer of non-esterified and esterified fatty acids from the depots to the liver during decreased glucose utilization. An increased supply of fatty acids from the blood to the liver after treatment with cortisone leads to their increased incorporation into phospholipid molecules.
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Substrate utilization and regulatory mechanisms of metabolism were studied in migratory garden warblers by measuring plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFAs), beta-hydroxybutyrate, insulin and glucagon in response to oral glucose loads. Three different physiological states were examined: (a) the autumnal migratory period on a high and (b) on a fasted low body mass level, and (c) the postmigratory period with low body mass. Glucose tolerance was better in the postmigratory lean than fat condition. However, total food deprivation of 5-7 days with fat birds reaching their lean body mass further reduced the glucose utilization rate. Initial levels of FFAs were highest in the starved, intermediate in the fat and lowest in the lean condition. Changes in plasma FFAs during glucose tolerance tests were opposite to those of the glucose levels. Ten minutes after the glucose load plasma glucagon levels decreased and insulin increased. These effects were larger in the fat than in the postmigratory lean condition. There were no differences between sexes. It appears that during premigratory and migratory periods glucose utilization may be inhibited by a more favorable oxidation of fatty acids as would be predicted by the glucose fatty acid cycle. However, the inhibition of glucose utilization seems to be counterregulated by stronger responses of insulin and glucagon. These results may be important also in the consideration of food selection during premigratory periods and refueling abilities of birds crossing ecological barriers.
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Abstract
Hypercalciuria may be a contributory factor to the disturbed calcium homoeostasis seen in diabetic pregnant rats and their offspring. In diabetes, essential fatty acid metabolism is impaired. We have therefore investigated whether feeding a diet supplemented with essential fatty acids will ameliorate the hypercalciuria of diabetic pregnancy and improve reproductive performance.
Female rats were fed a standard rat diet, a fat-free diet plus evening primrose oil or a fat-free diet plus sunflower oil. They were injected with streptozotocin or vehicle and mated. Urine samples were analysed for calcium before injection and during gestation.
Term-pregnant diabetic rats fed evening primrose oil showed a 73% reduction in urinary calcium output compared with similar rats fed standard diet (P<0·001). The corresponding reduction was 44% in diabetic rats fed sunflower oil (P<0·001). A depletion of essential fatty acids in diabetes may therefore be associated with hypercalciuria; dietary supplementation, particularly with evening primrose oil, appears to correct the problem.
Diabetic pregnant rats fed evening primrose oil showed a significantly greater live fetal mass (85 ± 2 vs 33 ± 12 g; P<0·05) compared with similar rats fed standard diet. Such findings may imply a normalization of placental transport by essential fatty acids. Rats fed evening primrose, but not sunflower oil, also showed a reduced incidence of diabetes after streptozotocin injection compared with rats fed standard diet (63 vs 86%). Rats fed on evening primrose oil that did become diabetic were less hyperglycaemic than those on the standard diet (29 ± 2 vs 37 ± 2 mmol/l), suggesting that the oil may have anti-diabetic properties.
Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 153, 357–363
