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Amelia J Brennan CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

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Julie A Sharp CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

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Elie Khalil CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

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Matthew R Digby CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

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Sonia L Mailer CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

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Christophe M Lefèvre CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

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Kevin R Nicholas CRC for Innovative Dairy Products, Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

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systemic hormones ( Li et al . 1997 , Marti et al . 1997 ), whereas phase 2 of involution is associated with a decline in circulating galactopoietic factors ( Lund et al . 1996 ). Several mechanisms have been postulated as the trigger of phase 1 mammary

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Caroline E Geisler School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Benjamin J Renquist School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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order to meet the systemic energy demands during a fast, hormonal signals stimulate adipose tissue to release non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) into circulation at a rate which exceeds clearance by non-hepatic tissues ( Patel et al. 2002 , Djurhuus

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J Kwakkel
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O Chassande Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, INSERM U 577, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, F5-165, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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H C van Beeren
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W M Wiersinga
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A Boelen
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( Yu & Koenig 2006 ). D1 mRNA expression is positively regulated by T 3 via the TRs, which activates gene transcription by binding to two thyroid hormone responsive elements (TREs) in the promoter region of the human D1 gene ( Toyoda et al . 1995

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Chiung-Kuei Huang George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

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Soo Ok Lee George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

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Eugene Chang George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Institute Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

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Haiyan Pang George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA

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Chawnshang Chang George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

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hyperlipidemia, play critical roles in the occurrence of CVDs ( Zimmerman 2012 ). The gender difference is another key risk factor affecting CVDs ( Banos et al . 2011 ). Among the factors associated with the gender difference, sex hormones, including estrogens

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M. G. Parker
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The tumorigenic virus avian erythroblastosis virus, which causes erythroleukaemias and sarcomas in chickens, encodes two oncogenes v-erb A and v-erb B that are both structurally related to receptors for hormones. V-erb B is essential for cell transformation and resembles a truncated form of the receptor for epidermal growth factor (Downward, Yarden, Mayes et al. 1984) whereas v-erb A, which arrests cell differentiation and enhances the effect of v-erb B (Kahn, Frykberg, Brady et al. 1986), shares homology with steroid hormone receptors (Weinberger, Hollenberg, Rosenfeld & Evans, 1985; Green, Walter, Kumer et al. 1986; Greene, Gilna, Waterfield et al. 1986; Krust, Green, Argos et al. 1986).

The structural and functional analysis of steroid hormone receptors has provided clues as to the potential functional role of v-erb A in tumorigenesis. Two functional domains have been defined within all classes of steroid hormone receptor. One domain is responsible for steroid binding. It is

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Nicola A Dennis Department of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre

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Gregory T Jones Department of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre

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Yih Harng Chong Department of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre

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Andre M van Rij Department of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre

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Ian S McLennan Department of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre

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Introduction Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH; or Müllerian inhibiting substance) is a gonadal hormone that is dimorphic during development and later in life. It induces part of the male phenotype, with its role in male development extending into

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K Katoh Department of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan

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M Yoshida Department of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan

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Y Kobayashi Department of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan

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M Onodera Department of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan

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K Kogusa Department of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan

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Y Obara Department of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan

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Introduction The release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is stimulated by two hypothalamic neuropeptides: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP). ACTH release in response to CRH stimulation is

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Geoffrey L Hammond Departments of Cellular & Physiological Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Introduction Upon their release from steroidogenic cells, biologically active steroids are transported in the blood largely by albumin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Additionally, these

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Jocemara Patrícia Silva de Souza Parrela Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Ingridys Regina Borkenhagen Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Sarah Ramany Faria Salmeron Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Thalyne Aparecida Leite Lima Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Ginislene Dias Souza Miranda Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Hercules de Oliveira Costermani Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Camila Luiza Rodrigues dos Santos Ricken Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Ester Vieira Alves Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Rodrigo Mello Gomes Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Júlio Cezar de Oliveira Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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adequate nutrition can impair the homeostasis of circulating nutrients and important metabolic hormones for fetuses and/or babies in their early development ( Ross & Desai 2014 , Badillo-Suarez et al. 2017 ). In fact, gestational undernutrition affects

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Heleen I Jansen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Eveline Bruinstroop Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C Heijboer Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Introduction Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for development, growth and metabolism; a large variety of cells and organs are affected by TH and dependent on TH for proper function. The main TH target organs are the liver, bone, kidney

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