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systemic hormones ( Li et al . 1997 , Marti et al . 1997 ), whereas phase 2 of involution is associated with a decline in circulating galactopoietic factors ( Lund et al . 1996 ). Several mechanisms have been postulated as the trigger of phase 1 mammary
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order to meet the systemic energy demands during a fast, hormonal signals stimulate adipose tissue to release non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) into circulation at a rate which exceeds clearance by non-hepatic tissues ( Patel et al. 2002 , Djurhuus
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( Yu & Koenig 2006 ). D1 mRNA expression is positively regulated by T 3 via the TRs, which activates gene transcription by binding to two thyroid hormone responsive elements (TREs) in the promoter region of the human D1 gene ( Toyoda et al . 1995
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Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Institute Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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hyperlipidemia, play critical roles in the occurrence of CVDs ( Zimmerman 2012 ). The gender difference is another key risk factor affecting CVDs ( Banos et al . 2011 ). Among the factors associated with the gender difference, sex hormones, including estrogens
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The tumorigenic virus avian erythroblastosis virus, which causes erythroleukaemias and sarcomas in chickens, encodes two oncogenes v-erb A and v-erb B that are both structurally related to receptors for hormones. V-erb B is essential for cell transformation and resembles a truncated form of the receptor for epidermal growth factor (Downward, Yarden, Mayes et al. 1984) whereas v-erb A, which arrests cell differentiation and enhances the effect of v-erb B (Kahn, Frykberg, Brady et al. 1986), shares homology with steroid hormone receptors (Weinberger, Hollenberg, Rosenfeld & Evans, 1985; Green, Walter, Kumer et al. 1986; Greene, Gilna, Waterfield et al. 1986; Krust, Green, Argos et al. 1986).
The structural and functional analysis of steroid hormone receptors has provided clues as to the potential functional role of v-erb A in tumorigenesis. Two functional domains have been defined within all classes of steroid hormone receptor. One domain is responsible for steroid binding. It is
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Introduction Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH; or Müllerian inhibiting substance) is a gonadal hormone that is dimorphic during development and later in life. It induces part of the male phenotype, with its role in male development extending into
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Introduction The release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is stimulated by two hypothalamic neuropeptides: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP). ACTH release in response to CRH stimulation is
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Introduction Upon their release from steroidogenic cells, biologically active steroids are transported in the blood largely by albumin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Additionally, these
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adequate nutrition can impair the homeostasis of circulating nutrients and important metabolic hormones for fetuses and/or babies in their early development ( Ross & Desai 2014 , Badillo-Suarez et al. 2017 ). In fact, gestational undernutrition affects
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Introduction Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for development, growth and metabolism; a large variety of cells and organs are affected by TH and dependent on TH for proper function. The main TH target organs are the liver, bone, kidney
