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Kenshiro Shikano Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan

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Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Takaya Saito Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Yuki Narimatsu Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Atsuki Kadota Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Megumi Furumitsu Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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George E Bentley Department of Integrative Biology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

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Lance J Kriegsfeld Department of Psychology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

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Kazuyoshi Ukena Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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protein is Gly-Leu-NH 2 ( Ukena et al. 2014 ), it was named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL). We have previously shown that chronic infusion of NPGL stimulates food intake and fat accumulation in rats through de novo lipogenesis ( Iwakoshi-Ukena et

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Mingjuan Deng Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Fang Qu Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Long Chen Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Chang Liu Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Ming Zhang School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China

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Fazheng Ren Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Huiyuan Guo Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Hao Zhang Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Shaoyang Ge Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Hebei Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, Sanhe, China

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Liang Zhao Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARa) target genes which are involved in free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation, glycogen storage, thermogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and lipogenesis ( den Besten et al . 2015 ). As such, SCFAs act to both directly and indirectly

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Claudia E Robert-Cooperman
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Grace C Dougan Department of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, BSF 206, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA

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Shari L Moak
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Mark G Athanason
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Melanie N Kuehl
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Harris Bell-Temin
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Stanley M Stevens Jr
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Brant R Burkhardt
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PANTG ( Fig. 6 F, G, H, and I). Therefore, overexpression of PANDER from the pancreatic β-cell decreases hepatic p-AMPK signaling and to a limited extent provides a potential mechanism for the observed increased lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis within

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Mohamed Asrih Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle‐Perret‐Gentil 4, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle‐Perret‐Gentil 4, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland

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released from white adipose tissue ( Donnelly et al . 2005 ). The rest of the lipid stores derive from dietary FAs and de novo lipogenesis. Imbalances between these pathways lead to excessive FA flux and accumulation, which not only induces hepatic (and

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David P Macfarlane Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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Shareen Forbes Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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lipoprotein particles for transport in the circulation ( Spector 1975 ). The majority of fatty acids in humans are derived from dietary sources and stored as TAGs in adipose tissue, or in small amounts in liver and muscle. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is an

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C G Walker Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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M C Sugden Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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G F Gibbons Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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M J Holness Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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mechanism by which glucose metabolism, in particular lipogenesis, is up-regulated in the PPARα null mice is not clear. Although rates of flux through the fatty acid pathway (measured in vivo by 3 H incorporation from 3 H 2 O, which measures total

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Felipe de Oliveira Franco Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil

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Magno Alves Lopes Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil

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Felipe dos Santos Henriques Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil

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Rodrigo Xavier das Neves Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Cesário Bianchi Filho Center for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil

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Miguel Luiz Batista Jr Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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atrophy is caused by (1) increased lipolysis in adipocytes ( Agustsson et al . 2007 , Ryden et al . 2008 , Arner & Langin 2014 ); (2) reduction of lipogenesis ( Ebadi & Mazurak 2014 ); (3) downregulation of adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression

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Hyo Youl Moon
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Parkyong Song BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Cheol Soo Choi BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Sung Ho Ryu BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Pann-Ghill Suh
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suggested to be critical features ( Browning & Horton 2004 ). Indeed, in HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, both elevated hepatic lipogenesis and impaired lipid oxidation contribute to hepatic TG accumulation ( Postic & Girard 2008 ). Hepatic lipid homeostasis

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Melanie Tran Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Golam Mostofa Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Michael Picard Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Jianguo Wu Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Li Wang Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Dong-Ju Shin Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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which is known to promote lipogenesis and insulin resistance underscoring the importance of tissue crosstalk in metabolic dysregulation of NAFLD ( Qureshi & Abrams 2007 , Smith & Kahn 2016 ). Although extensive research has been conducted in the field

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Isabel Huang-Doran Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science

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Alison Sleigh Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science

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Justin J Rochford Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science

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Stephen O'Rahilly Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science

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David B Savage Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science

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indicate that these proteins possess functions in addition to their proposed roles in lipogenesis. Lipid droplet assembly Central to the adipocyte's role as a fat storage organ is the ability to store lipid species in an inert form within the cell as a

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