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Qinkai Li Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Weidong Yin Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Manbo Cai Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Yi Liu Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Hongjie Hou Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Qingyun Shen Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Chi Zhang Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Junxia Xiao Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Xiaobo Hu Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Qishisan Wu Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Makoto Funaki Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Yutaka Nakaya Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China

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Introduction The metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) refers to the aggregation of a cluster of risk factors, including insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia (increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and depressed high

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Jun Yang Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Morag J Young Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Discovery & Preclinical Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Timothy J Cole Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Peter J Fuller Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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.33, 95% CI 1.01–1.74) and metabolic syndrome (OR 1.53, 1.22–1.91) in subjects with PA compared to those with essential hypertension ( Monticone et al. 2018 ). Consistent with this, treatment of PA has been shown to increase insulin secretion and

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Mohamed Asrih Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle‐Perret‐Gentil 4, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle‐Perret‐Gentil 4, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland

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, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, suggesting that NAFLD might be considered as the liver manifestation of the metabolic syndrome ( Marchesini et al . 2001 , Adams et al . 2005 ). The metabolic syndrome is a leading cause of mortality

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Paolo Comeglio Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Ilaria Cellai Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Tommaso Mello Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Sandra Filippi Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Maneschi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Francesca Corcetto Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Chiara Corno Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Erica Sarchielli Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Annamaria Morelli Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Rapizzi Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Bani Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Guasti Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Gabriella Barbara Vannelli Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Andrea Galli Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Luciano Adorini Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, New York, USA

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Mario Maggi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. – Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy

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Linda Vignozzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. – Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
Gynecologic Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a wide range of cardiometabolic risk conditions, including coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ( Corona et al. 2007 ). Among

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Kirsty A Walters School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Alba Moreno-Asso Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia

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Nigel K Stepto Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Medicine at Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Michael W Pankhurst Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Valentina Rodriguez Paris School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Raymond J Rodgers The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition affecting females of reproductive age, with women suffering from a wide range of ill-health symptoms including endocrine, reproductive, metabolic and

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Gisela Helfer School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK

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Qing-Feng Wu State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Introduction Adipokines, secreted by adipose tissue, are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome ( Lehr et al . 2012 ). Chemerin, encoded by the gene retinoic acid receptor responder 2 ( Rarres2 ), also known as tazarotene

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Siân E Piret Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK

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Rajesh V Thakker Academic Endocrine Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK

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for generating mouse models of human diseases have greatly facilitated studies of complex inherited endocrine and metabolic syndromes that have investigated mechanisms and treatments, which would not be easily feasible in man. In addition, the

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Philip Newsholme School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Vinicius Cruzat School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Frank Arfuso School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Kevin Keane School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Glucose, the body's primary metabolic fuel source, is ingested usually in polymeric form following the consumption of a mixed meal, and the subsequent postprandial elevation in blood glucose level is stringently modulated

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Antonios Chatzigeorgiou Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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Eleni Kandaraki Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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Christina Piperi Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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Sarantis Livadas Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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Athanasios G Papavassiliou Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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Michael Koutsilieris Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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Apostolos Papalois Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis Department of Experimental Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Endocrine Unit, Experimental Research Centre, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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pathogenesis of other diseases such as atherosclerosis, chronic renal failure, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Alzheimer's disease ( Mukhopadhyay & Mukherjee 2005 , Tan et al . 2011 ). Furthermore, data obtained from humans and experimental animals

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Rubén Marín-Juez
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Susanne Jong-Raadsen
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Shuxin Yang ZF‐Screens BV, Institute of Biology, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands

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Herman P Spaink ZF‐Screens BV, Institute of Biology, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands

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Introduction Metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome) have over the past three decades reached pandemic dimensions, affecting a large number of the world population ( Wild & Byrne 2006 , Lin & Sun 2010 ). Insulin

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