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Bruce S McEwen Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Jason D Gray Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Carla Nasca Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews 87 873–904. Copyright 2007 the American Physiological Society. Within this broader view of neuroendocrinology in relation to brain–body communication, we modified the

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Chunchun Wei Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
Department of Physiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Xianhua Ma Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Kai Su Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Shasha Qi Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Yuangang Zhu The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Center for Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China

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Junjian Lin Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Chenxin Wang The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Center for Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China

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Rui Yang Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaowei Chen The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Center for Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China

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Weizhong Wang Department of Physiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Weiping J Zhang Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China

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adaptation. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is dramatically upregulated during BAT activation to promote uptake of free fatty acids from circulation. β-oxidation can directly provide acetyl-CoA for thermogenesis. However, de novo lipogenesis (DNL) genes, such as

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Vivian Cristine Calegari
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Claudio Cesar Zoppi
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Luiz Fernando Rezende
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Leonardo Reis Silveira Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP: 13083-865, Brazil

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Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
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Antonio Carlos Boschero
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insulin secretion by endurance exercise is related to the activation of the AMPK–UCP2 pathway, and if these adaptations depend on exercise frequency. Materials and Methods Ethical approval All the experiments described herein were approved by the State

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Michael E Symonds Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Peter Aldiss Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Neele Dellschaft Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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James Law Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Hernan P Fainberg Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Mark Pope Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Harold Sacks VA Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Helen Budge Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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humans, excess adiposity is the consequence of a much smaller change in energy balance over a prolonged period of time and is typically accompanied by a range of behavioural adaptations such as reduced activity and more frequent snacking ( Weinsier et al

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Hui Yu Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Zoe Thompson Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Sylee Kiran Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
School of Literature, Science, and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Graham L Jones Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Lakshmi Mundada Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Surbhi Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Marcelo Rubinstein Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Malcolm J Low Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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neuropeptides in the hypothalamus, transient hyperleptinemia and reduced transport of leptin into the brain ( Gustafson et al . 2019 ). The maternal adaptations to pregnancy are mediated largely by the placenta, which separates the maternal and fetal

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G Boaventura
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G Casimiro-Lopes
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C C Pazos-Moura Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, 5° Andar, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de Setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil

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E Oliveira
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P C Lisboa
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E G Moura
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higher LDH levels. Higher physical capacity is a normal adaptation to chronic exercise that was observed in both trained groups. Interestingly, the skeletal muscle glycogen levels were not affected by training in any group, though liver glycogen levels

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Kechun Tang Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Teresa Pasqua Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Angshuman Biswas Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Sumana Mahata Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

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Jennifer Tang Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Alisa Tang Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Gautam K Bandyopadhyay Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Amiya P Sinha-Hikim Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Nai-Wen Chi Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA

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Nicholas J G Webster Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA

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Angelo Corti IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy

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Sushil K Mahata Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA

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-GAS ( Fig. 3A and F ), suggesting that the adaptation mechanism to exercise-induced stress and damage has been compromised in Chga -KO-GAS. Figure 3 Evaluation of exercise-induced signaling by Western blot in WT and Chga -KO GAS muscle. Mice were

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E J Lock National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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R Ørnsrud National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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L Aksnes National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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F A T Spanings National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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R Waagbø National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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G Flik National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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most important mechanism is the increase in branchial Na + /K + -ATPase activity to provide the fish with SW-type chloride cells ( McCormick 1996 ); isoform switch may be a second phenomenon in this adaptation. Ágústsson et al. (2003) measured an

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Andrew T Templin Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Christine Schmidt Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Meghan F Hogan Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Nathalie Esser Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Richard N Kitsis Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Rebecca L Hull Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Sakeneh Zraika Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Steven E Kahn Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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first to show that ARC is required for β-cell survival and sufficient insulin secretion in vivo in response to a genetic model of diabetogenic stress. The role of ARC in β-cell adaptation to high fat diet (HFD) feeding, a physiologically relevant

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Manuela S Bartlang
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Inga D Neumann Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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David A Slattery Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Nicole Uschold-Schmidt Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Dominik Kraus Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
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Stefan O Reber Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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). Intermittent SD refers to repeated exposure to a larger, dominant conspecific, which according to traditional definitions would seem to represent a repeated homotypic stressor. However, it is believed that repeated SD does not result in adaptation as it rather

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