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Iyad H Manaserh Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Emily Maly Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Marziyeh Jahromi Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Lakshmikanth Chikkamenahalli Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Joshua Park Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Jennifer Hill Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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heterogeneous ( Lidell et al. 2013 ). In addition to brown adipocytes, adult humans have UCP1 -expressing ‘beige’ adipocytes interspersed in WAT ( Schulz et al. 2011 , Harms & Seale 2013 , Chechi et al. 2017 ). BAT and beige adipose tissues are

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Fabio Arturo Iannotti Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Campania, Italy

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Vincenzo Di Marzo Director, Joint International Research Unit for the Chemical and Biomolecular Study of the Microbiome in Metabolic Health and Nutrition (JIRU-MicroMeNu) between the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry) and Université Laval, Naples, Campania, Italy
Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, CRIUCPQ, INAF and Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada

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occurs through CB1 receptor-mediated control of several metabolically relevant tissues, via either the sympathetic nervous system or direct actions on hepatocytes, white and brown adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, enteroendocrine epithelial cells and

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Cheng-Hsuan Tsai Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
National Taiwan University Hospital Primary Aldosteronism Center, Taipei, Taiwan

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Zheng-Wei Chen Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan

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Bo-Ching Lee Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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Che-Wei Liao Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yi-Yao Chang Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

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Yan-Rou Tsai Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chia-Hung Chou Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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Vin-Cent Wu National Taiwan University Hospital Primary Aldosteronism Center, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chi-Sheng Hung Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
National Taiwan University Hospital Primary Aldosteronism Center, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yen-Hung Lin Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
National Taiwan University Hospital Primary Aldosteronism Center, Taipei, Taiwan

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adipocyte-MR signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue ( Lefranc et al. 2021 ). In addition, several studies have shown that MR activation has opposite effects on white and brown adipocytes, favoring white adipocyte differentiation while

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Changjie Han Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA

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Yan Jiao Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA

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Qingguo Zhao Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA

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Baisong Lu Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA

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competent, UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classic brown adipocytes . Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 7153 – 7164 . ( doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.053942 ) Siomi H Matunis MJ Michael WM Dreyfuss G 1993 The pre-mRNA binding K

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Keiko Nakahara
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Rieko Okame
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Tetsuro Katayama Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Mikiya Miyazato Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Kenji Kangawa Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Noboru Murakami
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. Journal of Endocrinology 201 341 – 349 doi:10.1677/JOE-08-0374 . Mano-Otagiri A Iwasaki-Sekino A Nemoto T Ohata H Shuto Y Nakabayashi H Sugihara H Oikawa S Shibasaki T 2010 Genetic suppression of ghrelin receptors activates brown

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Galya Vassileva
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Weiwen Hu
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Lizbeth Hoos Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Glen Tetzloff Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Shijun Yang
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Li Liu Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Ling Kang Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Harry R Davis Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Joseph A Hedrick Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Hong Lan Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Timothy Kowalski Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Eric L Gustafson
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induction of the cAMP-dependent thyroid hormone activating enzyme type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2). Treatment of mouse brown adipocytes and human skeletal myocytes by BAs increases Dio2 activity and oxygen consumption. These effects are independent of

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Anna de Lloyd Department of Child Health, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences

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James Bursell Department of Child Health, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences

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John W Gregory Department of Child Health, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences

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D Aled Rees Department of Child Health, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences

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Marian Ludgate Department of Child Health, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences

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-1 in brown adipocytes . Endocrinology 142 1195 – 1201 . Murphy E Williams AJ Galliford TM Costagliola S Vassart G Bassett JHD Williams GR 2006 TSH receptors action in osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro . Endocrine Abstracts

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L A Santiago
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D A Santiago
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L C Faustino
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A Cordeiro
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P C Lisboa Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil

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F E Wondisford Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil

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C C Pazos-Moura
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T M Ortiga-Carvalho
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thyroid hormone resistance mouse model . Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 295 – 302 . doi:10.1074/jbc.M507877200 . Hernandez A Obregon MJ 1996 Presence and mRNA expression of T3 receptors in differentiating rat brown adipocytes

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Yanli Miao Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Haojie Qin Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Yi Zhong Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Kai Huang Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Caijun Rao Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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al. 2018 ) was applied to the subsequent cell experiments, cAMP is a ubiquitous second messenger that plays an important role in a wide range of cells and multiple signaling pathways. The cAMP signaling pathway is very important for early brown

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Nicoleta C Olarescu Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Darlene E Berryman Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Lara A Householder Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Ellen R Lubbers Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Edward O List Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Fabian Benencia Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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John J Kopchick Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Jens Bollerslev Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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nucleus to the periphery. Lipid accumulation in vitro may not necessarily replicate lipid accumulation seen in vivo , but a tendency toward larger and fewer lipid droplets is evident in old cultures of mature adipocytes. Morphologically, brown

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