Search Results

You are looking at 71 - 80 of 1,491 items for :

  • "programming" x
  • Refine by access: All content x
Clear All
Alice S Green
Search for other papers by Alice S Green in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Paul J Rozance Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, 1650 East Limberlost Drive, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA

Search for other papers by Paul J Rozance in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Sean W Limesand
Search for other papers by Sean W Limesand in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

role in building our understanding of developmental programing of β-cells. Although no model perfectly replicates human circumstances, all of the rodent and sheep models discussed here show a clear association between fetal growth restriction and β

Free access
A Sengupta Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA

Search for other papers by A Sengupta in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
and
D K Sarkar Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA

Search for other papers by D K Sarkar in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is known to inhibit prolactin (PRL) secretion and the proliferation of lactotropes in the pituitary gland. Dopamine-2 (D2) receptor short (D2S) isoform is expressed in a reduced level while the D2 receptor long (D2L) isoform is expressed in an elevated level during estradiol (E2)-induced PRL production and cell proliferation in lactotropes. To evaluate the role of these D2 receptor isoforms in E2-regulated lactotropic cell function, we compared E2 effects on the level of PRL, cell proliferation, and G proteins in enriched lactotropes and lactotrope-derived PR1 cells containing only D2S isoform (D2S cells), D2L isoform (D2L cells), or no D2 receptor (V cells). Additionally, we determined the effects of G protein blockade on the E2-induced PRL production and cell proliferation in these cells. We here show that E2 actions on G proteins, PRL production, and cell proliferation were maximally achieved in D2S cells, oppositely or marginally achieved in D2L cells, and absent in V cells. We also show that the DA and pertussis toxin modulations of E2 actions on PRL, G proteins, and cell proliferation were maximally achieved in D2S cells compared with in D2L or V cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the existence of an inhibitory action of Gi3 on Gs that is under the control of the D2S receptor and is inhibited by E2. These results suggest that the suppression of D2S-regulated Gi3 inhibition of Gs protein may be one of the mechanisms controlling E2-activated PRL synthesis and cell proliferation in lactotropes.

Free access
Abby J Sarkar Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA

Search for other papers by Abby J Sarkar in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Kirti Chaturvedi Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA

Search for other papers by Kirti Chaturvedi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Cui Ping Chen Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA

Search for other papers by Cui Ping Chen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Dipak K Sarkar Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA

Search for other papers by Dipak K Sarkar in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a multifunctional matrix glyco-protein, has been shown to control tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis in various tissues. However, the role of this glycoprotein in pituitary angiogenesis is not well studied. In this report, we determined the changes in the production and action of TSP-1 on endothelial cells in anterior pituitary following estradiol treatment, which is known to increase prolactin-secreting tumor growth and vascularization in this tissue. We showed that TSP-1 immunoreactive protein is distributed in the anterior pituitary, particularly in the endothelial cells. Estradiol treatment for 2 and 4 weeks decreased the total tissue immunoreactive level of TSP-1 as well as the endothelial cell-specific immunoreactive level of this protein in the anterior pituitary. The steroid treatment also decreased the protein levels of TSP-1 in anterior pituitary tissues and in purified pituitary endothelial cells in primary cultures. Determination of the effects of TSP-1 on proliferation and migration of pituitary-derived endothelial cells in primary cultures elucidated an inhibitory action of TSP-1 on these vascular cell functions. These results suggest that locally produced TSP-1 may regulate estrogen angiogenic action on the pituitary.

Free access
Eugenie Macfarlane Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

Search for other papers by Eugenie Macfarlane in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Hong Zhou Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

Search for other papers by Hong Zhou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Markus J Seibel Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia

Search for other papers by Markus J Seibel in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones, secreted by the adrenals to regulate a range of metabolic, immunologic, and homeostatic functions. Due to their potent anti-inflammatory effects, synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used to treat inflammatory disorders. However, their use especially at high doses and over the long-term is associated with several unwanted side effects that compromises their intended use (e.g. glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and/or diabetes, myopathy, and skin atrophy). Both endogenous and synthetic glucocorticoids exert their effects through the glucocorticoid receptor, a transcription factor present in nearly all nucleated cells. Glucocorticoid receptor knockout mouse models have proved to be valuable tools in understanding how glucocorticoids contribute to skeletal health and disease. These models, described in this review, have helped to establish that the effects of glucocorticoids on the skeleton are multifaceted, cell specific and concentration dependent. Intriguingly, while endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for bone formation, high-dose exogenous glucocorticoids may induce bone loss. Additionally, the actions of endogenous glucocorticoids vary greatly depending on the disease microenvironment. For example, endogenous glucocorticoids have predominately beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in rheumatoid arthritis, but detrimental actions in osteoarthritis by driving cartilage loss and abnormal bone formation. Studies in tissue-specific knockout models provide important insights that will aid the development of new glucocorticoid therapeutics that can specifically target certain cell types to minimise unwanted effects from current glucocorticoid therapy.

Restricted access
Se-Min Kim The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Se-Min Kim in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Farhath Sultana The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Farhath Sultana in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Steven Sims The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Steven Sims in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Judit Gimenez-Roig The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Judit Gimenez-Roig in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Victoria Laurencin The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Victoria Laurencin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Anusha Pallapati The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Anusha Pallapati in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Satish Rojekar The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Satish Rojekar in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Tal Frolinger The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Tal Frolinger in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Weibin Zhou The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Weibin Zhou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Anisa Gumerova The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Anisa Gumerova in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Anne Macdonald The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Anne Macdonald in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Vitaly Ryu The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Vitaly Ryu in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Daria Lizneva The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Daria Lizneva in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Funda Korkmaz The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Funda Korkmaz in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Tony Yuen The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Tony Yuen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Mone Zaidi The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Search for other papers by Mone Zaidi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

The pituitary gland orchestrates multiple endocrine organs by secreting tropic hormones, and therefore plays a significant role in a myriad of physiological processes, including skeletal modeling and remodeling, fat and glucose metabolism, and cognition. Expression of receptors for each pituitary hormone and the hormone itself in the skeleton, fat, immune cells, and the brain suggest that their role is much broader than the traditionally attributed functions. FSH, believed solely to regulate gonadal function is also involved in fat and bone metabolism, as well as in cognition. Our emerging understanding of nonreproductive functions of FSH, thus, opens potential therapeutic opportunities to address detrimental health consequences during and after menopause, namely, osteoporosis, obesity, and dementia. In this review, we outline current understanding of the cross-talk between the pituitary, bone, adipose tissue, and brain through FSH. Preclinical evidence from genetic and pharmacologic interventions in rodent models, and human data from population-based observations, genetic studies, and a small number of interventional studies provide compelling evidence for independent functions of FSH in bone loss, fat gain, and congnitive impairment.

Restricted access
K S Wilson The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Search for other papers by K S Wilson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
C S Tucker The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Search for other papers by C S Tucker in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
E A S Al-Dujaili The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Search for other papers by E A S Al-Dujaili in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
M C Holmes The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Search for other papers by M C Holmes in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
P W F Hadoke The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Search for other papers by P W F Hadoke in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
C J Kenyon The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Search for other papers by C J Kenyon in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
M A Denvir The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

Search for other papers by M A Denvir in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

al . 2009 , Braun et al . 2013 , Reynolds 2013 ). This is commonly referred to as early-life programming and has been widely studied in rodents where maternal GC treatment has been shown to increase blood pressure ( Levitt et al . 1996 , Tang et

Open access
Hu Huang Doctoral Program of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
Doctoral Program in Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan

Search for other papers by Hu Huang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Kaoruko Tada Iida Doctoral Program of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
Doctoral Program in Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan

Search for other papers by Kaoruko Tada Iida in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Hirohito Sone Doctoral Program of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
Doctoral Program in Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan

Search for other papers by Hirohito Sone in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Tomotaka Yokoo Doctoral Program of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
Doctoral Program in Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan

Search for other papers by Tomotaka Yokoo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Nobuhiro Yamada Doctoral Program of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
Doctoral Program in Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan

Search for other papers by Nobuhiro Yamada in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Ryuichi Ajisaka Doctoral Program of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
Doctoral Program in Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1–1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan

Search for other papers by Ryuichi Ajisaka in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived factor that plays a pivotal role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Recently, two types of adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) were identified. We investigated whether exercise training (ET) or dietary restriction (DR) affects the expression of adiponectin receptors in skeletal muscle and liver, thereby improving glucose and lipid metabolism in KKAy mice. KKAy mice were subjected to 8 weeks of exercise training or food restriction. Following the experimental protocol, an intravenous glucose tolerance test and an intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test were performed in addition to the measurement of blood lipid and adiponectin concentrations. The mRNA levels of adiponectin, adiponectin receptors and genes that are putatively regulated by the adiponectin receptors were also analyzed. Both the 8-week exercise training and food restriction protocol improved insulin resistance in KKAy mice but did not alter plasma adiponectin concentration nor its mRNA expression. In comparison with C57BL/6 mice, AdipoR1 expression level was significantly decreased in skeletal muscle and AdipoR2 expression level was significantly increased in the liver in KKAy mice. After the 8-week experimental protocol, the expression level of AdipoR1 mRNA was approximately 1.8-fold greater in the skeletal muscle and 1.3-fold greater in the liver, and the level of AdipoR2 mRNA was 30% less in the liver of the ET group as compared with the control group. Additionally, in the ET group, mRNA expression of acyl coenzyme A-oxidase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) was greater in the liver but not in skeletal muscle. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the expression of genes encoding the adiponectin receptors in addition to other genes except for CPT1 in the DR group. These findings suggest that chronic exercise training affects the expression level of adiponectin receptors thereby improving insulin resistance in KKAy mice.

Free access
BW Gallaher
Search for other papers by BW Gallaher in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
BH Breier
Search for other papers by BH Breier in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
CL Keven
Search for other papers by CL Keven in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
JE Harding
Search for other papers by JE Harding in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
PD Gluckman
Search for other papers by PD Gluckman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

It has been demonstrated in several animal models that undernutrition in utero has significant long lasting effects on subsequent fetal and postnatal development. To address the hypothesis that the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) may mediate such effects, our study examined whether a period of periconceptual maternal undernutrition could have a lasting influence on the IGF axis in the fetal sheep. Ewes were either allowed to feed ad libitum or kept undernourished from day 60 prior to mating until day 30 after conception, and then both groups were allowed to feed ad libitum. These groups were further divided at day 105 of gestation, either being fed ad libitum or undernourished until day 115 of gestation. Fetal and maternal blood samples were obtained at both day 105 and 115 of gestation. We describe the development of a specific homologous RIA to measure ovine IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in fetal and maternal sheep plasma. Fetal plasma IGFBP-3 and IGF-I concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) reduced at day 115 of gestation after maternal undernutrition. The fetal plasma IGFBP-2 levels were unchanged. The degree of reduction in fetal plasma IGFBP-3 and IGF-I between day 105 and 115 of gestation as a response to acute maternal undernutrition was significantly greater (P<0.05) in fetuses of mothers receiving low periconceptual nutrition. The response of maternal plasma IGFBP-3 and IGF-I to undernutrition did not depend on the level of periconceptual nutrition. Western blot data indicate that changes in either maternal or fetal plasma IGFBP-3 concentrations were not the result of increased proteolytic activity. These results suggest that exposure to maternal periconceptual undernutrition reprograms IGFBP-3 and IGF-I regulation in the developing sheep fetus, altering its response to undernutrition in late gestation.

Free access
Patricia Forcinito
Search for other papers by Patricia Forcinito in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Anenisia C Andrade Developmental Endocrinology Branch, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC-1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1103, USA

Search for other papers by Anenisia C Andrade in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Gabriela P Finkielstain
Search for other papers by Gabriela P Finkielstain in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Jeffrey Baron
Search for other papers by Jeffrey Baron in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Ola Nilsson Developmental Endocrinology Branch, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC-1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1103, USA

Search for other papers by Ola Nilsson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Julian C Lui
Search for other papers by Julian C Lui in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

averaged. Four to five animals were studied per treatment and time point. Statistical analysis The SigmaStat 3.1 statistical program was used to perform all statistical measurements. One-way ANOVA was used to assess the effect of age during normal

Free access
Christopher M Mulligan Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA

Search for other papers by Christopher M Mulligan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
and
Jacob E Friedman Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA

Search for other papers by Jacob E Friedman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

-inflammatory phenotype. In contrast, anti-inflammatory macrophages exhibit a metabolic program of augmented oxidative phosphorylation ( Kelly & O’Neill 2015 ). The lack of appropriate alterations in early immune education may affect the overall functionality of the

Free access