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glucocorticoids in the maturation and function of most organ systems are shared across mammalian species, including rodents and humans ( Herman et al. 2016 ), making the rat a valuable model for developmental study. This review discusses the role of the liver in
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evidence for the existence of a pituitary-independent thyroid clock in the rat by demonstrating 24-h antiphase oscillations for the transcripts of the canonical clock genes Per1 and Bmal1 and by visualising a daily cytoplasmatic–nuclear shuttling of PER
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experimental groups ( n =10 per group) consisted of a sham EA group (Sham-EA), which received 4 days of pretreatment with EA at a sham point 5 mm away from the rat tail, bilaterally with no stress, followed by Sham-EA for the next 10 days immediately preceding
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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independently and synergistically ( McLachlan et al. 2002 ). In brief, FSH plays a major role in regulating spermato-gonial development in the adult rat ( Meachem et al. 1998 , 1999 ). Both FSH and testosterone support spermatocyte maturation, while
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Introduction Spermatogenesis is a complex process that culminates in the production and release of step 19 spermatids in the rat, and it involves germ cell development, germ cell adhesion, and germ cell migration ( de Kretser & Kerr 1988 , O
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total of 1% of BSA (Sigma–Aldrich) was added to the goat serum. After that, the sections were incubated with a goat anti-rat AGRP (Phoenix Peptide), or in its solvent as a negative control for 1 h and then they were washed in PBS. Sections were incubated
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Physiology, Departments of
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-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) , reduces TSH-induced iodide uptake in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells ( Saji & Kohn 1991 ). Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) is one of the major mediators of insulin/IGF signaling. Selective inhibitors of PI3K, such as LY294002 and
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-transducing element in the functional receptor complexes and a specific receptor for each of them (CNTF-Rα for CNTF; Smith et al. 1993 , Schulz-Key et al. 2002 , Duff & Baile 2003 ). CNTF is distributed all over the rat central nervous system in neurons
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specific to rat Ob-Re ( Takaya et al. 1996 ) and L19 as a housekeeping internal control ( Orly et al. 1994 ) were used for amplification and spanned introns to distinguish cDNA from genomic DNA, and external standards were generated from regular PCR
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to undergo decidualization ( Bilinski et al. 1998 , Robb et al. 1998 ). IL-11 mRNA is induced in the uterine stroma at implantation initiation in the rat, while its receptor and glycoprotein gp130 are constitutively expressed throughout the
