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Manuela S Bartlang
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Inga D Neumann Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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David A Slattery Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Nicole Uschold-Schmidt Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Dominik Kraus Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
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Stefan O Reber Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Introduction Chronic stress in humans is known to be a risk factor for many affective disorders including anxiety and depression (for reviews, see Herbert (1997) , and Shalev (2009) ) as well as somatic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease

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Regina Nostramo
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Andrej Tillinger
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Juan M Saavedra Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA

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Ashok Kumar Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA

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Varunkumar Pandey Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA

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Lidia Serova
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Richard Kvetnansky Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA

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Esther L Sabban
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Introduction The response of an organism to acute stress is necessary for survival. However, when stress is prolonged or repeated, the response is not only adaptive but also becomes maladaptive. With repeated exposure to stress, there is an increase

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Carolina Gaudenzi Neuro-Epigenetics Research Group, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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Karen R Mifsud Neuro-Epigenetics Research Group, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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Johannes M H M Reul Neuro-Epigenetics Research Group, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

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brain homeostasis, whilst the GR is predominantly involved in phasic actions mediating stress- and circadian-related GC responses ( Reul et al. 1987 ). More recently, however, this view has been adjusted. Using MR and GR chromatin immunoprecipitation

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Muneaki Ishijima Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Kunikazu Tsuji Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Susan R Rittling Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Teruhito Yamashita Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Hisashi Kurosawa Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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David T Denhardt Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Akira Nifuji Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Yoichi Ezura Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Masaki Noda Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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arginine–glycine–aspartate sequence that is a major integrin-binding site and supports adhesion of bone cells to the mineralized matrix ( Giachelli & Steitz 2000 , Denhardt et al. 2001 b ). It has been reported that OPN is required for stress

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Juan Castillo
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Barbara Castellana Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Great Lakes Water Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

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Laura Acerete
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Josep V Planas Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Great Lakes Water Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

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Frederick W Goetz Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Great Lakes Water Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

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Simon Mackenzie
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Lluis Tort
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Introduction In teleost fish, the endocrine response to stress is composed of the adrenergic response and the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) response ( Wendelaar Bonga 1997 ). The HPI response leads to an increase in glucocorticoid

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B M McGowan Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Section of Investigative Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, London

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J S Minnion Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Section of Investigative Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, London

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K G Murphy Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Section of Investigative Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, London

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D Roy Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Section of Investigative Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, London

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S A Stanley Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Section of Investigative Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, London

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W S Dhillo Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Section of Investigative Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, London

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J V Gardiner Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Section of Investigative Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, London

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M A Ghatei Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Section of Investigative Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, London

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S R Bloom Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Section of Investigative Medicine, Molecular Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, London

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periventricular gray ( Burazin et al . 2002 , Tanaka et al . 2005 ). Anatomical studies suggest that this nucleus is involved in a midbrain behaviour control network that regulates locomotion, attention and learning processes, and that responds to stress

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Jia-Jiun Yan Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academica Sincia, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

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Yi-Chun Lee Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academica Sincia, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

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Yi-Ling Tsou Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academica Sincia, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

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Yung-Che Tseng Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academica Sincia, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

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Pung-Pung Hwang Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academica Sincia, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

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. 2014 ). Timely adjustment of osmoregulation upon acute salinity stress is required for survival of euryhaline teleosts, and efficient iono-/osomoregulation upon chronic salinity stress also affects energy consumption, which is a major determinant of

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Andrea Anedda Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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Eduardo Rial Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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M Mar González-Barroso Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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upregulated in a number of physiological situations where there is oxidative stress. The mitochondrial respiratory chain is probably the most important source of superoxide and its rate of formation depends on respiratory activity. UCP2 could contribute to the

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Meng Guo School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yuna Li School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yan Wang School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Zhenkun Li School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaohong Li School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Peikun Zhao School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Changlong Li School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Jianyi Lv School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Xin Liu School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaoyan Du School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Zhenwen Chen School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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. 2007 , Piazzi et al. 2010 a , Lee et al. 2013 ). Recently, eEF1A1 was also reported to participate in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death in Chinese hamster ovary, H9c2 and HepG2 cells ( Borradaile et al. 2006 , Stoianov et

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Helge Müller Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Juliane Kröger Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Olaf Jöhren Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Silke Szymczak Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Michael Bader Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Peter Dominiak Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Walter Raasch Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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al . 1994 , Llorens-Cortes et al . 1994 , Jöhren et al . 1995 , Jöhren & Saavedra 1996 ), that they are regulated during stress ( Castren & Saavedra 1988 , Aguilera et al . 1995 , Leong et al . 2002 ), and that Ang II influences HPA axis

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