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peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and some orphan receptors ( Mangelsdorf et al. 1984 ). In the past few years it has become evident that several ligands of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily possess mitogenic activity for
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holo-enzyme. In the absence of T 3 , TR recruits co-repressors such as nuclear receptor co-repressor or the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT). These co-repressors associate with histone deacetylases (HDACs
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both obligatory and adaptive thermogenesis by directly increasing metabolic rate in specific tissues ( Silva 2003 , Bianco et al. 2005 , Bianco & McAninch 2013 , Johann et al. 2019 ). Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), including TRα and TRβ, are
Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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testis was considered for years to be a thyroid hormone unresponsive organ, a concept based on data showing minimal levels of testicular thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and lack of thyroid hormone effects on oxygen consumption in adult rat testes
Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4 LP, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Division of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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potentially modulate thyroid hormone action at a tissue level. These include deiodination of the prohormone T4 to the receptor-binding ligand T3, and the expression of functional thyroid hormone receptor isoforms. The availability of T3 for local receptor
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hormones into target tissues and activation of cellular processes by binding to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs; Fig. 1 ). Before birth, all of these factors show developmental and tissue-specific regulation. In addition, placental transfer of thyroid
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metabolism and homeostasis ( Williams 2009 ). This postulate is supported by data from mice lacking α 1 and β 1 thyroid hormone receptors, which were found to have skeletal morphogenesis and growth plate abnormalities but no uncoupling of osteoclast and
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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(upper panel) and the thyroid hormone receptors TR a1 , TRa2 , and TRb1 (lower panel) in the fasting (circles) and restriction (squares) experiment. Open circles and squares represent ad libitum fed control rats, closed circles the 36-h fasted
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-1241.2004.00037.x 15587780 Chatzitomaris A Köditz R Höppner W Peters S Klein HH Dietrich JW 2015 A novel de novo mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor-beta gene. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes 123 1 – 3
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of Biochemistry and Biophysics 354 151 – 157 . Chiellini G Apriletti JW Yoshihara HA Baxter JD Ribeiro RC Scanlan TS 1998 A high-affinity subtype-selective agonist ligand for the thyroid hormone receptor . Chemistry & Biology 5