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). Medial neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypothalamus synthesise and secrete thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), which in turn stimulates the synthesis and secretion of TSH from anterior pituitary thyrotrophs. TSH, acting on the TSH

of transcription 5 (Stat5), which is a key component of the PRL signaling pathway ( Favre-Young et al. 2000 ). In the case of the SNS, THs are known to regulate sympathetic action by modulating the expression of β-adrenergic receptors ( Mayollan

established ( Rookh et al . 1979 , Jordan et al . 1980 , Ottenweller & Hedge 1982 , Wong et al . 1983 , Kalsbeek et al . 2000 , Guo et al . 2015 ). Nerve fibres originating in the SCN innervating thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the

insulin receptors on the surface of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to promote processing of POMC to the mature hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which signals to decrease energy intake ( Cone 2006 , Ghamari-Langroudi et al. 2011

Introduction The progesterone receptor (PR, product of the Pgr gene) plays fundamental and pleiotropic roles in the control of reproduction. This is perhaps most clearly demonstrated in female Pgr -knockout mice, which are infertile because

.33–0.35G) 50–55 (0.34–0.38G) 17 (0.81G)  Follicular >14 (>0.35G) >55 (>0.38G) 18 days–3 weeks postnatally TRH in hypothalamus 10–12 (0.25–0.30G) <60 (0.40G) 16 (0.76G) TSH in anterior pituitary gland and circulation 10–12 <60 17 (0.81G) TSH receptor in

the portal blood accounted for changes in prolactin secretion in various physiological conditions ( Ben-Jonathan et al . 1977 , 1980 , Gibbs & Neill 1978 , De Greef & Neill 1979 ). Dopamine receptors were identified on lactotroph cells in the

multiple bacterial cell wall components through a series of pattern recognition molecules expressed on the cell surface such as toll-like receptors (TLRs; Takeda et al . 2003 ). In response to cytokines released by activated immune cells, FS cells produce

increased numbers of somatotropes just before birth. In addition, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) also stimulates GH in neonates ( Fink et al. 2012 ). Thus, as inhibitors of GH and their receptors are expressed differentially throughout development, GH

Introduction In quest of novel appetite regulating molecules, in 2006, Oh-I and coworkers re-discovered NEFA/nucleobindin2 ( Nucb2 ), a peroxisome proliferator γ receptor (PPARG)-activated gene in immortalized cell lines ( Oh-I et al. 2006