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-1, resistin and adiponectin, which can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases ( Galic et al . 2010 , Van de Voorde et al . 2013 ). An imbalance of adipokines in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a consequence of impaired

proliferation of adipose tissue, we found small round cells displaying proliferative activity and expressing adipocyte-specific genes such as adiponectin and leptin in dispersed adipose tissue ( Hanamoto et al. 2013 , Kajita et al . 2013 ). These cells do

production were also detected during GDM development and progression ( Lopez-Tinoco et al . 2012 ). The healthy adipose tissue of the lean subjects is a primary source of adiponectin. Adiponectin has several positive properties such as stimulation of anti

). Furthermore, the adipo-cytokine adiponectin has been established as both an endogenous insulin sensitizer and a protector of endothelial function diminishing the development of atherosclerosis ( Kubota et al. 2002 ). Moreover, various acute-phase reactants

University, Graduate School of Medicine and performed in accordance with the Osaka University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidelines. To establish the AdipoMR-KO mice, we crossed MR-floxed ( McCurley et al . 2012 ) and Adiponectin

assay kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), according to manufacturer's protocol. Adiponectin levels in conditioned media were measured using a commercially available RIA Kit (Millipore, Watford, UK), according to manufacturer's protocol, with an

ameliorate lung function with or without inflammation by mitigating the contractile effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the airways ( Arteaga-Solis et al . 2013 ). Adiponectin The role of adiponectin in asthma has been reviewed recently ( Sood

frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. Plasma and tissue analysis General plasma markers and adipokine concentration The concentration of triacylglycerol, glucose and total protein was measured by commercial kits. Adiponectin was measured by

, which is similar in humans with insulin resistance ( Mori et al . 2009 ). Also similar to humans, it is now recognized in cats that adipose tissue is an active and complex endocrine organ. Adiponectin, which is almost exclusively produced in adipose

contributing to bone loss ( Price & Nishimoto 1980 ). Other than stabilizing the bone matrix, osteocalcin stimulates secretion of adiponectin from fat cells, demonstrating the connection between bone and adipose tissue ( Lee & Karsenty 2008 ). It was