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Se-Min Kim The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Farhath Sultana The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Steven Sims The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Judit Gimenez-Roig The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Victoria Laurencin The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Anusha Pallapati The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Satish Rojekar The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Tal Frolinger The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Weibin Zhou The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Anisa Gumerova The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Anne Macdonald The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Vitaly Ryu The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Daria Lizneva The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Funda Korkmaz The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Tony Yuen The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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Mone Zaidi The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine, and Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA

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mammals. FSHR has been identified in nongonadal reproductive tracts, blood vessels, endothelial cells, the liver, skeletal tissue, bone cells, adipose tissue, and the brain ( Table 1 ). These discoveries have raised the question of whether FSH exerts

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Rakefet Pando Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Majdi Masarwi Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Biana Shtaif Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Anna Idelevich Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Efrat Monsonego-Ornan Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Ron Shahar Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Moshe Phillip Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Galia Gat-Yablonski Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Petach Tikva, Israel

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NA Panus DA Lotinun S Pinz I Baron R Rosen CJ Bouxsein ML 2010 Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice . Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 25 2078 – 2088 . ( doi:10.1002/jbmr.82

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Liping Luo Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, 
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Meilian Liu Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, 
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

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Introduction Adipose tissue, which is primarily composed of adipocytes as well as pre-adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and leucocytes, has been increasingly recognized as a major player of systemically metabolic

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Helen E MacLean Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Alison J Moore Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Stephen A Sastra Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Howard A Morris Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Ali Ghasem-Zadeh Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Kesha Rana Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Anna-Maree Axell Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Amanda J Notini Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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David J Handelsman Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Ego Seeman Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Rachel A Davey Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Introduction Males and females show sexual dimorphism in a number of tissues. Males tend to be taller, with higher muscle and bone mass and lower fat mass than females, with differences also observed in the immune system, nervous system, and in

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Aarti D Rohira Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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David M Lonard Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Bert W O’Malley Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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tissue stromal cell called a mesenchymal stromal cell was isolated from bone marrow, adipose and other tissues ( Horwitz et al. 2006 ). These cells are spindle shaped and are thought to play a critical role within the bone marrow microenvironment. In

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Nicoleta C Olarescu Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Darlene E Berryman Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Lara A Householder Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Ellen R Lubbers Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Edward O List Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Fabian Benencia Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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John J Kopchick Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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Jens Bollerslev Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway
Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N‐0424 Oslo, Norway

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cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are present in adult marrow. They can replicate as undifferentiated cells and have the potential to differentiate to lineages of mesenchymal tissues, including fat, bone, and cartilage. The self-renewal and

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Eun Hee Koh Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Ah-Ram Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hyunshik Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jin Hee Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hye-Sun Park Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Myoung Seok Ko Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Mi-Ok Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hyuk-Joong Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Bum Joong Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hyun Ju Yoo Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Su Jung Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jin Sun Oh Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Chang-Yun Woo Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jung Eun Jang Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jaechan Leem Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Myung Hwan Cho Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Ki-Up Lee Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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include adipose tissue hypoxia ( Ye et al . 2007 , Jiang et al . 2011 ), increased proinflammatory cytokine levels, and oxidative stress in dysfunctional adipocytes ( Otani 2011 ). Another hypothesis that links adipocyte hypertrophy to reduced

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Qin Yin Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Jun Gu Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Pengju Ren Department of Orthopedics, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Zhiqiang Guan Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Yongxiang Wang Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, China

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Ruijun Bai Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Yu Liu Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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subjected to anesthesia through an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg). In the sham surgery group, both ovaries were exposed, and the surrounding adipose tissue was carefully raised while maintaining the ovaries’ integrity. Among the

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Lara H Sattgast Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Adam J Branscum Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Natali Newman Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA

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Steven W Gonzales Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA

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Mary Lauren Benton Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA

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Erich J Baker Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA

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Kathleen A Grant Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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bone formation and increases bone marrow adiposity . Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 43 2494 – 2503 . ( https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14202 ) 10.1111/acer.14202 Kawai M Rosen CJ 2012 The insulin-like growth factor system in bone

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Mari van de Vyver Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa

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. 2023 ). Figure 1 Factors contributing to chronic inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Continuous activation signals are derived from multiple sources including, dysfunctional adipose tissue, the aberrant metabolic activation of leukocytes, damage

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