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Ángel Enrique Céspedes Rubio Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia

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Maria José Pérez-Alvarez Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain

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Catalina Lapuente Chala Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Investigador Asociado Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia

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Francisco Wandosell Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain

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be the principal compound with estrogenic action ( Hoffman 2006 , Perez-Alvarez & Wandosell 2016 ) whereas progesterone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone are considered the main progestogens ( Perez-Alvarez & Wandosell 2016 ). All

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A J Conley Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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E L Scholtz Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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E L Legacki Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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C J Corbin Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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H K Knych Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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G D Dujovne Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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B A Ball Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky, USA

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B C Moeller Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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S D Stanley Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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, the cyclic fluctuations in androgens and estrogens reported previously are below the level of detection and quantitation of the steroid analytical method employed here. For instance, both androstenedione (~0.4 ng/mL) and 17αOH-progesterone (~4 ng

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Judith L Turgeon Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA

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Dennis W Waring Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA

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regulation, estrogen increases PR protein in both rat and mouse pituitary cells ( Evans et al. 1978 , Attardi & Palumbo 1981 , Krey et al. 1990 , Turgeon & Waring 2000 ), while progesterone leads to a dramatic decrease in PR immunoreactivity in the rat

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Jorge Diaz Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Evelyn Aranda Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Soledad Henriquez Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Marisol Quezada Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Estefanía Espinoza Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Maria Loreto Bravo Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Bárbara Oliva Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Soledad Lange Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Manuel Villalon Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Marius Jones Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Jan J Brosens Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Sumie Kato Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Mauricio A Cuello Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Todd P Knutson Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Carol A Lange Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Lisette Leyton Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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Gareth I Owen Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
Departamento de Fisiología, Departamento de Ginecología, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula (CEMC), Biomedical Research Consortium (BMRC) Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and

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hormone or epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment. The steroid hormones progesterone or estrogen (17β-estradiol (E 2 ), (both Sigma–Aldrich)) were dissolved in ethanol and added to the cells, at a final concentration of 10 nM. R5020 was purchased from NEN

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Cleyde Vanessa Vega Helena Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

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Maristela de Oliveira Poletini Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

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Gilberto Luiz Sanvitto Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

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Shinji Hayashi Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

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Celso Rodrigues Franci Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

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Janete Aparecida Anselmo-Franci Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto–Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia do Comportamento, Departamento de Fisiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan

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progestin receptor mRNA in rat brainstem. Brain Research. Gene Expression Patterns 1 151 –157. Everett JW 1948 Progesterone and estrogen in the experimental control of ovulation time and other features of estrous cycle in

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Virginia Rider Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Kazuto Isuzugawa Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Meryl Twarog Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Stacy Jones Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Brent Cameron Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Kazuhiko Imakawa Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Jianwen Fang Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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transduction prevents implantation in the mouse ( Mohamed et al. 2005 ), and down-regulates estrogen-dependent β-catenin expression ( Hou et al. 2004 ). Progesterone pretreatment of ovariectomized rat uteri increases the number of synchronously

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V A Nunes School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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E P Portioli-Sanches School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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M P Rosim School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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M S Araujo School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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P Praxedes-Garcia School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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M M R Valle School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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L P Roma School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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C Hahn School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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E Gurgul-Convey School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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S Lenzen School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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A K Azevedo-Martins School of Arts, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry of Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Sciences and Humanities

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.1038/sj.cdd.4401373 ) Pasanen S Ylikomi T Syvälä H Tuohimaa P 1997 Distribution of progesterone receptor in chicken: novel target organs for progesterone and estrogen action . Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 135 79 – 91 . ( doi:10

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Virginia Rider Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Alex Talbott Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Anuradha Bhusri Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Zach Krumsick Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Sierra Foster Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Joshua Wormington Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Bruce F Kimler Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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Introduction In adult female mammals, the uterus undergoes remodeling with a regular cyclicity under the control of the sex hormones, progesterone and estradiol ( Bell 1983 , Pawar et al . 2014 ). In the rodent uterus, estradiol stimulates

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Ya-Li Yang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Li-Rong Ren Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Li-Feng Sun Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Chen Huang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Tian-Xia Xiao Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Bao-Bei Wang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Jie Chen Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Brian A Zabel Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA, and Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Peigen Ren Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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Jian V Zhang Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

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. Discussion Follicular development directly influences the number of ova and ovarian endocrine functions, such as secretion of steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) ( Su & Eppig 2002 ). Theca cells, granulosa cells, and oocytes are the

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Robert T Chatterton Jr Departments of Obstetrics/Gynaecology,
Physiology,
Surgery, and
Preventive Medicine, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

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Esnar T Mateo Departments of Obstetrics/Gynaecology,
Physiology,
Surgery, and
Preventive Medicine, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

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Nanjiang Hou Departments of Obstetrics/Gynaecology,
Physiology,
Surgery, and
Preventive Medicine, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

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Alfred W Rademaker Departments of Obstetrics/Gynaecology,
Physiology,
Surgery, and
Preventive Medicine, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

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Simbi Acharya Departments of Obstetrics/Gynaecology,
Physiology,
Surgery, and
Preventive Medicine, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

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V Craig Jordan Departments of Obstetrics/Gynaecology,
Physiology,
Surgery, and
Preventive Medicine, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

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Monica Morrow Departments of Obstetrics/Gynaecology,
Physiology,
Surgery, and
Preventive Medicine, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

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assessing changes throughout the menstrual cycle, and allows reliable identification of the date of ovulation. We have adapted radioimmunoassys for the direct measurement of oestradiol (OE2) and progesterone in saliva, and have previously reported on the

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