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Atsushi Fukushima Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Ping Yin Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Maho Ishida Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Nobuhiro Sugiyama Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Jun Arita Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Introduction The preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in cyclic rats and the daily surge in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats are caused by the central action of estrogen on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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Soyoung Choi
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Hyejin Shin
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Haengseok Song Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea

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Hyunjung Jade Lim
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blood vessels. Many uterine functions are under the regulation of ovarian steroid hormones, estrogens and progesterone (P 4 ; Dey et al . 2004 , Das 2009 ), and uterine cell types respond to hormones in a differential manner. Ovarian estrogen targets

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Beverly A S Reyes Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Hiroko Tsukamura Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Helen I’Anson Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Maria Amelita C Estacio Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Kanjun Hirunagi Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Kei-Ichiro Maeda Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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investigations have shown that 48-h fasting dramatically suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in female rats, and the suppression is largely dependent on the estrogenic milieu ( Cagampang et al. 1991 , Maeda et al. 1996 ). As such, 48-h

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Melyssa R Bratton Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of
Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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James W Antoon Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Bich N Duong Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Daniel E Frigo Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Syreeta Tilghman Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of
Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Bridgette M Collins-Burow Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Steven Elliott Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Yan Tang Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Lilia I Melnik Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Ling Lai Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Jawed Alam Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Barbara S Beckman Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Steven M Hill Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Brian G Rowan Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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John A McLachlan Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Matthew E Burow Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Structural and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-78, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA Departments of

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Introduction Various agents regulate estrogen receptor α (ERα) activity in addition to 17β-estradiol (E 2 ), including peptide growth factors (PGFs) such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1; Ignar-Trowbridge et

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Annica Andersson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anna E Törnqvist Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Sofia Moverare-Skrtic Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Angelina I Bernardi Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Helen H Farman Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Pierre Chambon Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, ULP, Collège de France, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France

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Cecilia Engdahl Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Marie K Lagerquist Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Sara H Windahl Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Hans Carlsten Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ulrika Islander Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Introduction Besides the major roles of estrogens in reproduction and bone health, estrogens have strong impact on the immune system ( Straub 2007 ). In general, estrogens inhibit thymus size and hamper T and B lymphopoiesis, in thymus and

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Ana E Lemus Department of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Perinatology and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City P.C. 09340, Mexico
Department of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Perinatology and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City P.C. 09340, Mexico

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Juana Enríquez Department of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Perinatology and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City P.C. 09340, Mexico

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Ángeles Hernández Department of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Perinatology and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City P.C. 09340, Mexico

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René Santillán Department of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Perinatology and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City P.C. 09340, Mexico

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Gregorio Pérez-Palacios Department of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Perinatology and School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City P.C. 09340, Mexico

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et al . 1993 ) and also prevents bone loss in young women treated with LH-releasing agonists ( Riis et al . 1990 ). The mechanisms of estrogen-like bone actions of NET are not fully understood, particularly since this steroid molecule neither

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Ying Chen Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA

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Kelsey Breen Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA

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Melissa E Pepling Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA

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breakdown is regulated or coordinated with neonatal development. Recent research has implicated estrogen signaling in the cyst breakdown process. Neonatal exposure to genistein, an estrogen-like compound from soy, induces multiple oocyte follicles (MOFs) in

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Ferran Jardí Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Michaël R Laurent Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Vanessa Dubois Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Nari Kim Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Rougin Khalil Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Brigitte Decallonne Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Dirk Vanderschueren Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Frank Claessens Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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research. Nonetheless, the strongest body of evidence supporting that physical activity is biologically regulated still comes from preclinical studies. Androgens and estrogens are key regulators of reproductive organs but also exert multiple effects on

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C D Simmons
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J M P Pabona
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Z Zeng
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M C Velarde
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D Gaddy
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F A Simmen
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R C M Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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Introduction The steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) regulates numerous physiological and developmental processes in target tissues by binding to its cognate receptors estrogen receptor-α (ESR1) and -β (ESR2) in the presence of numerous co

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F Lucio-Oliveira Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil

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C R Franci Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil

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of OT mRNA in the magnocellular neurones of the PVN ( Van Tol et al . 1988 ) increases at the onset of puberty and decreases after castration ( Miller et al . 1989 ), suggesting a possible influence of estrogen on OT expression levels. The

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