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Introduction Metabolic disorders (e.g. diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome) have over the past three decades reached pandemic dimensions, affecting a large number of the world population ( Wild & Byrne 2006 , Lin & Sun 2010 ). Insulin
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diseases are part of a condition termed metabolic syndrome. The hepatic component of metabolic syndrome is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This term comprises a wide range of progressive liver injuries including bland steatosis, variable degrees
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia
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manifestations arise in childhood and health impacts evolve across adolescent years and adult life ( Teede et al. 2010 ). PCOS has significant metabolic (obesity, metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors
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role of TNFRSF14 in OVX-induced metabolic disturbances could aid in the design of a novel therapy for postmenopausal syndrome. Declaration of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the
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Department of Chemistry, Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Sweden
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) of patients with T2D and metabolic traits have been published ( Saxena et al . 2007 , Scott et al . 2007 , Sladek et al . 2007 , Zeggini et al . 2007 , Gaulton et al . 2015 , Fuchsberger et al . 2016 ). The number of gene loci conferring
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metabolic syndrome ( Hotamisligil et al . 1993 , 1995 ). The crosstalk between adipocytes and macrophages which infiltrate adipose tissue in obesity is considered to be crucial for the development of the pro-inflammatory state ( Bluher 2008 ). To date, the
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are still unclear, but high levels of androgens are considered to play a crucial role in the etiology. PCOS patients suffer from dyslipidemia, obesity and metabolic syndrome ( Wild 2002 , Glueck et al . 2009 ), resulting in an increased risk for type
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Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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obesity at the early stages of the disease ( Ezenwaka et al. 2014 , Heianza et al. 2015 ). Abdominal obesity is an important cause of metabolic syndromes and impairs glucose tolerance ( Hossain et al. 2007 ). Therefore, slow or prevent body weight
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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result in some therapeutically desirable effects, such as increased metabolic rate, lipolysis, cholesterol lowering, improvement of heart contractility and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression, which is beneficial in patients with thyroid cancer
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have an increased prevalence of hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome ( Sam et al . 2005 , 2006 ). Brothers of women with PCOS have elevated levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ( Legro et al . 2002 ) and metabolic