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Pierre Roubert
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Béatrice Dubern IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France
IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France
IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France

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Pascale Plas
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Cécile Lubrano-Berthelier IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France
IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France

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Rohia Alihi IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France
IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France
IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France

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Florence Auger
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Daniel B Deoliveira IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France

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Jesse Z Dong IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France

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Arnaud Basdevant IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France
IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France
IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France

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Christophe Thurieau
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Karine Clément IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France
IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France
IPSEN Innovation, Center of Research on Human Nutrition Ile de France, Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Inserm, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Biomeasure Incorporated, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91940 Les Ulis, France

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preclinical and clinical studies, the role of the melanocortin system in penile erection, in modulation of the cardiovascular system, in inflammatory responses, and in pain processing has been described suggesting the risk of side effects when using

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Toshiki Miyazaki First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan

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Koji Ohmoto First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan

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Tsuyoshi Hirose First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan

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Hiroyuki Fujiki First Institute of New Drug Discovery, Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan

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, corneal reflex, pinna reflex, pain response, ipsilateral flexor reflex, limb tone, righting reflex, and hypothermia). Rotarod treadmill test On day 10, motor function was evaluated in a rotarod treadmill apparatus (MK-660D, Muromachi Kikai Co., Ltd, Tokyo

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Maryam Iravani Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Marie Lagerquist Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Lars Sävendahl Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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(Domitor; Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland). Carprofen (Orion Pharma) was used postoperatively for pain relief. A midline incision was followed by flank incisions of the peritoneum, and the ovaries were removed with sterile scissors. The skin incision was

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Fernand Labrie Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Van Luu-The Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Ezequiel Calvo Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Céline Martel Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Julie Cloutier Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Sylvain Gauthier Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Pascal Belleau Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Jean Morissette Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Marie-Hélène Lévesque Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Claude Labrie Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Laboratory, Laval University Medical Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, G1V 4G2, Canada

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leukaemia: implications for the clinical management of the disease. Blood Reviews 17 71 –97. Peters F 1992 Multicentre study of gestrinone in cyclical breast pain. Lancet 339 205 –208

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A Stigliano Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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O Gandini Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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L Cerquetti Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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P Gazzaniga Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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S Misiti Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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S Monti Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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A Gradilone Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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P Falasca Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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M Poggi Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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E Brunetti Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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A M Aglianò Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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V Toscano Endocrinology II Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Cassia, 600-00189 Rome, Italy
Department of Sperimental Medicine and Patology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy
Research Center AFaR Hospital S. Pietro, Via le Regina Elena, 324-00161 Rome, Italy

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. Arakane F , Kallen CB, Watari H, Foster JA, Sepuri NB, Pain D, Stayrook SE, Lewis M, Gerton GL & Strauss JF, III 1998 The mechanism of action of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). StAR acts on the outside of mitochondria to stimulate

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T Bossmar Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Medical Microbiology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, SE 221 85, Lund, Sweden
Zoonoses and Emerging Infections Group, Clinical Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria

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N Osman Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Medical Microbiology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, SE 221 85, Lund, Sweden
Zoonoses and Emerging Infections Group, Clinical Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria

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E Zilahi Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Medical Microbiology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, SE 221 85, Lund, Sweden
Zoonoses and Emerging Infections Group, Clinical Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria

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M A El Haj Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Medical Microbiology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, SE 221 85, Lund, Sweden
Zoonoses and Emerging Infections Group, Clinical Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria

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N Nowotny Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Medical Microbiology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, SE 221 85, Lund, Sweden
Zoonoses and Emerging Infections Group, Clinical Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria

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J M Conlon Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Medical Microbiology and
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, SE 221 85, Lund, Sweden
Zoonoses and Emerging Infections Group, Clinical Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria

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abdominal pain in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 83 673 –678. Åkerlund M, Stromberg P, Hauksson A, Andersen LF, Lyndrup J, Trojnar J & Melin P 1987 Inhibition of uterine

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L A Nolan Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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A Levy Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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facility before being surgically gonadectomised under 1 ml per 100 g body weight Avertin anaesthetic (a mixture of 2:2:2 tribromoethanol (2% w/v) in 100% ethanol (8% v/v) and 2-methylbutanol-2-ol (1.2% v/v) in 0.9% saline). For post-operative pain relief

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Ángel Enrique Céspedes Rubio Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia

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Maria José Pérez-Alvarez Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain

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Catalina Lapuente Chala Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Investigador Asociado Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia

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Francisco Wandosell Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain

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of estradiol in the brain In addition to reproductive functions ( Sinchak & Wagner 2012 ), estrogens can modulate important brain functions in males and females including cognition, learning and memory, mood, pain and nociception ( Roselli 2007

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Kechun Tang Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Teresa Pasqua Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Angshuman Biswas Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Sumana Mahata Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

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Jennifer Tang Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Alisa Tang Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Gautam K Bandyopadhyay Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Amiya P Sinha-Hikim Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Nai-Wen Chi Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA

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Nicholas J G Webster Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA

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Angelo Corti IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy

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Sushil K Mahata Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA

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& Mammucari 2011 ). Exercise-induced muscle pain, stiffness and cramping are caused by enzyme deficiencies such as myophosphorylase deficiency and phosphofructokinase deficiency leading to metabolic defects ( Tarui et al . 1965 , Layzer et al . 1967

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Shelley Gorman Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Alexander N Larcombe Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia

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Hayley E Christian Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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traumatic events may contribute towards potentially addictive behaviours around food, alcohol and prescription drug use, including opioids sometimes prescribed for pain management for people with obesity ( Brady & Back 2012 , Sinha 2018 , Garami et al

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