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Julia N C Toews Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Geoffrey L Hammond Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Victor Viau Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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glucocorticoids in the maturation and function of most organ systems are shared across mammalian species, including rodents and humans ( Herman et al. 2016 ), making the rat a valuable model for developmental study. This review discusses the role of the liver in

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J Fahrenkrug Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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B Georg Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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J Hannibal Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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H L Jørgensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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evidence for the existence of a pituitary-independent thyroid clock in the rat by demonstrating 24-h antiphase oscillations for the transcripts of the canonical clock genes Per1 and Bmal1 and by visualising a daily cytoplasmatic–nuclear shuttling of PER

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Ladan Eshkevari
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Eva Permaul School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA Departments of Histopathology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 421 St Mary's Hall, 3700 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007

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Susan E Mulroney School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA Departments of Histopathology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 421 St Mary's Hall, 3700 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007

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experimental groups ( n =10 per group) consisted of a sham EA group (Sham-EA), which received 4 days of pretreatment with EA at a sham point 5 mm away from the rat tail, bilaterally with no stress, followed by Sham-EA for the next 10 days immediately preceding

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Sarah J Meachem Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research Block E, Level 4, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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David M Robertson Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research Block E, Level 4, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Nigel G Wreford Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research Block E, Level 4, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Robert I McLachlan Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research Block E, Level 4, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Peter G Stanton Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research Block E, Level 4, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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independently and synergistically ( McLachlan et al. 2002 ). In brief, FSH plays a major role in regulating spermato-gonial development in the adult rat ( Meachem et al. 1998 , 1999 ). Both FSH and testosterone support spermatocyte maturation, while

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Xiang Xiao Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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C Yan Cheng Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Dolores D Mruk Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Introduction Spermatogenesis is a complex process that culminates in the production and release of step 19 spermatids in the rat, and it involves germ cell development, germ cell adhesion, and germ cell migration ( de Kretser & Kerr 1988 , O

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Dawid Szczepankiewicz Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Przemyslaw Kaczmarek Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Marek Skrzypski Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Karolina Andralojc Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Tatiana Wojciechowicz Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Maciej Sassek Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Krzysztof W Nowak Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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total of 1% of BSA (Sigma–Aldrich) was added to the goat serum. After that, the sections were incubated with a goat anti-rat AGRP (Phoenix Peptide), or in its solvent as a negative control for 1 h and then they were washed in PBS. Sections were incubated

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Takahiko Kogai Physiology, Departments of

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Saima Sajid-Crockett Physiology, Departments of

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Lynell S Newmarch Physiology, Departments of

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Yan-Yun Liu Physiology, Departments of

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Gregory A Brent Physiology, Departments of
Physiology, Departments of

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-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) , reduces TSH-induced iodide uptake in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells ( Saji & Kohn 1991 ). Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) is one of the major mediators of insulin/IGF signaling. Selective inhibitors of PI3K, such as LY294002 and

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Luiz F Rezende
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Luiz F Stoppiglia
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Kleber L A Souza
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Alessandro Negro
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Francesco Langone
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Antonio C Boschero
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-transducing element in the functional receptor complexes and a specific receptor for each of them (CNTF-Rα for CNTF; Smith et al. 1993 , Schulz-Key et al. 2002 , Duff & Baile 2003 ). CNTF is distributed all over the rat central nervous system in neurons

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Jeremy T Smith School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Peter J Mark School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Brendan J Waddell School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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specific to rat Ob-Re ( Takaya et al. 1996 ) and L19 as a housekeeping internal control ( Orly et al. 1994 ) were used for amplification and spanned introns to distinguish cDNA from genomic DNA, and external standards were generated from regular PCR

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V Rider
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T Potapova
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G Dai
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M J Soares
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to undergo decidualization ( Bilinski et al. 1998 , Robb et al. 1998 ). IL-11 mRNA is induced in the uterine stroma at implantation initiation in the rat, while its receptor and glycoprotein gp130 are constitutively expressed throughout the

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