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Helen E MacLean Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Alison J Moore Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Stephen A Sastra Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Howard A Morris Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Ali Ghasem-Zadeh Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Kesha Rana Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Anna-Maree Axell Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Amanda J Notini Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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David J Handelsman Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Ego Seeman Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Rachel A Davey Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Introduction Males and females show sexual dimorphism in a number of tissues. Males tend to be taller, with higher muscle and bone mass and lower fat mass than females, with differences also observed in the immune system, nervous system, and in

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Masaki Kakeyama Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

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Hideko Sone Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

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Chiharu Tohyama Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Division of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

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after compensatory hypertrophy . Journal of Endocrinology 8 347 – 356 . Mitsushima D Tin Tin Win S Kimura F 2003 Sexual dimorphism in the GABAergic control of gonadotropin release in intact rats . Neuroscience Research 46 399 – 405 . Mocarelli

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Thomas M Braxton School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Dionne E A Sarpong School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Janine L Dovey School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Anne Guillou IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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Bronwen A J Evans School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Juan M Castellano Physiology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, and Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMBIC), Cordoba, Spain

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Bethany E Keenan School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Saja Baraghithy Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

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Sam L Evans School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Manuel Tena-Sempere Physiology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, and Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMBIC), Cordoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain

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Patrice Mollard IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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Joseph Tam Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

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Timothy Wells School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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males, this was not significantly different ( P  > 0.05). In contrast, female PWS-IC del mice showed a 41% reduction in PRL content ( P  < 0.05; Fig. 4C ); the marked sexual dimorphism seen in WT mice ( P  < 0.0001) being retained in PWS-IC del

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Jodi L Downs Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006 and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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Henryk F Urbanski Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006 and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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). Unlike their old male counterparts and young females, the old peri- and post-menopausal females had relatively constant levels of plasma leptin across the day and night. However, this aging-related sexual dimorphism was not evident in all of the old

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Evelyn Davies Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK

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Selma Omer Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK

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John F Morris Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK

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Helen C Christian Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK

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1991 ). Sexual dimorphism in corticosterone secretion is well established: female rodents display elevated corticosterone secretion in basal and some stress conditions relative to males ( Critchlow et al. 1963 ). Furthermore, estrogen exerts

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Galya Vassileva
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Weiwen Hu
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Lizbeth Hoos Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Glen Tetzloff Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Shijun Yang
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Li Liu Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Ling Kang Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Harry R Davis Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Joseph A Hedrick Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Hong Lan Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Timothy Kowalski Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Discovery Technologies, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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Eric L Gustafson
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glucose homeostasis in the BAT, WAT, and livers of Gpbar1 −/− and Gpbar1 + / + mice on HFD did not reveal more than 2.5-fold changes between KO and WT control mice ( Supplementary Figures 1B, C and 2 ). Sexual dimorphism in HFD-induced obesity and

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María E Díaz
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Johanna G Miquet
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Soledad P Rossi Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA‐CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Pablo E Irene
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Ana I Sotelo
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Mónica B Frungieri Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA‐CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Daniel Turyn
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Lorena González
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humans . American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 283 1008 – 1015 . ( doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2001 ) Jansson JO Edén S Isaksson O 1985 Sexual dimorphism in the control of growth hormone secretion . Endocrine Reviews

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Campbell J L Harter School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Georgia S Kavanagh School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Jeremy T Smith School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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arrangement and development of kisspeptin neurons using male and female mice. They found that kisspeptin neuronal cell bodies existed primarily in the ARC and RP3V. They also noticed a sexual dimorphism in the number of kisspeptin neurons present in the RP3V

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Branka Šošić-Jurjević
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Branko Filipović
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Kostja Renko Department of Cytology, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Boulevard 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

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Vladimir Ajdžanović
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Milica Manojlović-Stojanoski
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Verica Milošević
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Josef Köhrle Department of Cytology, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Boulevard 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

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higher incidence of thyroid dysfunction and carcinomas than men ( Ron et al . 1987 ). However, elderly men with thyroid carcinomas have much worse prognosis than women ( Morganti et al . 2005 ). In animal models, rats in particular, sexual dimorphism is

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Astrid Chamson-Reig Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph’s Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street Room H404, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2
Departments of Medicine,
Physiology and Pharmacology,
Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2

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Sandra M Thyssen Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph’s Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street Room H404, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2
Departments of Medicine,
Physiology and Pharmacology,
Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2

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Edith Arany Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph’s Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street Room H404, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2
Departments of Medicine,
Physiology and Pharmacology,
Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2

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David J Hill Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph’s Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street Room H404, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2
Departments of Medicine,
Physiology and Pharmacology,
Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2

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the adults at age 50 with a profound sexual dimorphism, the relative obesity being seen in the females but not in the males ( Ravelli et al. 1999 ). Dietary modifications in early life, such as altered composition, excess or restricted intake

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