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Michele O Wilson Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand

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Bryony A McNeill Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Graham K Barrell Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand

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Timothy C R Prickett Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

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Eric A Espiner Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand

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in the brainstem of Macaca fascicularis. Brain Structure and Function 216 387 – 402 . ( doi:10.1007/s00429-011-0313-1 ) 10.1007/s00429-011-0313-1 Balis FM Lester CM Chrousos GP Heideman RL Poplack DG 1987 Differences in

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Isis Gabrielli Barbieri de Oliveira Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Marcos Divino Ferreira Junior Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Paulo Ricardo Lopes Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Dhiogenes Balsanufo Taveira Campos Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Marcos Luiz Ferreira-Neto Departament of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Eduardo Henrique Rosa Santos Departament of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

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Flávio Andrade Francisco Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

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Bruna Del Vechio Koike Medical Department, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil

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Carlos Henrique de Castro Department of Physiological Science, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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André Henrique Freiria-Oliveira Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Rodrigo Mello Gomes Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Daniel Alves Rosa Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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the brainstem ( Guyenet 2006 ). In our study, we demonstrated that rats subjected to the T22 protocol for 60 days did not show altered normal baseline levels of MAP and HR. It has been known that baseline values of arterial pressure are determined by

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Mariana Rosolen Tavares Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Simone Ferreira Lemes Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Thais de Fante Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Cristina Saenz de Miera Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Isadora Carolina Betim Pavan Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Rosangela Maria Neves Bezerra Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Patricia Oliveira Prada Laboratory of Molecular Research in Obesity (LABIMO), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Marcio Alberto Torsoni Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Carol Fuzeti Elias Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Fernando Moreira Simabuco Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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-dependent S6 kinase pathway . Molecular and Cellular Biology 3112 – 3124 . ( https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.8.3112-3124.2004 ) Schneeberger M Gomis R Claret M 2014 Hypothalamic and brainstem neuronal circuits controlling homeostatic energy

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Adrián Plaza Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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Beatriz Merino Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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Victoria Cano Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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Gema Domínguez Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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Javier Pérez-Castells Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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M Soledad Fernández-Alfonso Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain

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Coralie Sengenès STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France

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Julie A Chowen Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, CIBEROBN Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Mariano Ruiz-Gayo Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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digestive system and in some areas of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the brainstem and the hypothalamus and CCK-2R, widely distributed throughout the CNS ( Cano et al . 2003 , Dufresne et al . 2006 ). The relevance of CCK in energy metabolism

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M Matheny Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Veterans Affairs, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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K Y E Strehler Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Veterans Affairs, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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M King Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Veterans Affairs, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Veterans Affairs, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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N Tümer Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Veterans Affairs, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Veterans Affairs, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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P J Scarpace Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Veterans Affairs, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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target. Figure 8 (A) A trans-illuminated (bright-field) image of a coronal 50 μm section through the unstained brainstem shows the position of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS; t, tract; m, medial; i, intermediate; vl, ventrolateral compartments) in

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Júlio Cezar de Oliveira Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil

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Egberto Gaspar de Moura Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Rosiane Aparecida Miranda Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Ana Maria Praxedes de Moraes Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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Luiz Felipe Barella Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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Ellen Paula Santos da Conceição Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Rodrigo Mello Gomes Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil

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Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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Ananda Malta Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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Isabela Peixoto Martins Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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Patrícia Cristina Lisboa Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias Laboratório de Biologia Celular da Secreção, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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that reach the brainstem, especially the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, which activates hypothalamic paraventricular neurons to produce/secrete corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and activate the HPA axis ( Marty et al . 2007 ). An inhibitory

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Vicki Chen Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Gia V Shelp Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Jacob L Schwartz Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Niklas D J Aardema Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States

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Madison L Bunnell Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States

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Clara E Cho Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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is synthesized by enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa, whereas the remaining pool is produced by serotonergic neurons of the brainstem raphe nuclei, with much smaller amounts made from other peripheral tissues ( Gershon & Ross 1966

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Gabriel O de Souza Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Fernanda M Chaves Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Josiane N Silva Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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João A B Pedroso Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Martin Metzger Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Renata Frazão Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jose Donato Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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brainstem nuclei in response to fasting and refeeding in male mice . Endocrinology 155 840 – 853 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1831 ) 24424063 10.1210/en.2013-1831 Wu CS Bongmba OYN Yue J Lee JH Lin L Saito K Pradhan G Li DP Pan HL

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Barbara C Fam Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Rebecca Sgambellone Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Zheng Ruan Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Joseph Proietto Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Sofianos Andrikopoulos Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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between susceptibility and resistance. Although hypothalamic regulation has always been viewed as the master controller of body weight, we cannot discount the importance of other central regions, including the brainstem. A recent study showed that exposure

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Roman A Romanov Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Alán Alpár MTA-SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Tomas Hökfelt Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Tibor Harkany Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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sites located outside the blood–brain barrier), neurons projecting to the brainstem and locally projecting hypothalamic neurons ( Daftary et al . 1998 , Krashes et al . 2014 ). Oxytocin and vasopressin ( Du Vigneaud 1954 ) are produced in

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