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Introduction Thyroid hormones are involved in the regulation of growth, metabolism, heat production, gonadal development, molting, migration, and hatching in birds ( McNabb 2000 ). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) plays an important
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Introduction The thyroid hormones influence a variety of physiological processes, including cell growth and metabolism in mammals, metamorphosis in amphibians and development of the vertebrate nervous system ( Samuels et al. 1988
The Jean Hailes Foundation, 173 Carinish Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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The Jean Hailes Foundation, 173 Carinish Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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altered most dramatically following several critical observations made during the 19th and early 20th centuries, which led to our contemporary understanding of the menopause. Through these landmark studies emerged the discovery of the female sex hormones
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Introduction
There is immense current interest in the effects of thyroid hormones on bone. This is largely due to concern that patients on thyroxine replacement therapy are at increased risk of developing osteoporosis; this concern follows a number of reports describing reduced bone mineral density in this group of patients. The issue is, however, uncertain and the purpose of this review is (i) to summarize what is known about the effects of thyroid hormones on bone at both an experimental and clinical level and (ii) to try to reach a greater understanding of the problem and its implications for patient management.
Bone biology
Bone remodelling requires the tightly coupled actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. A normal bone remodelling cycle takes approximately 200 days. Each cycle begins with activation of cells which become osteoclasts and start resorbing bone. This phase lasts for about 50 days and is terminated
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In a child, puberty encompasses a series of events which include the completion of growth and the maturing of the reproductive system. One of the common hormonal links between these two processes is growth hormone (GH) and, although it has been known for some time that the reproductive axis influences GH secretion and growth, increasing interest is developing in the alternative possibility of GH modifying reproductive processes.
In the normal child, there is an increase in GH secretion from mid-childhood with a shift in periodicity and an increase in pulse amplitude (Hindmarsh, Mathews & Brook, 1988). The two- to threefold rise in GH secretion during puberty is a product of the increase in pulse amplitude over the prepubertal value (Martha, Rogol, Veldhuis et al. 1989; Delemarre-van de Waal, Wennink & Odink, 1991). GH pulse amplitude is increased during early puberty in girls and at a later stage in boys, corresponding
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Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Introduction Although growth hormone (GH) has been primarily studied for its effects on linear growth, pronounced stimulation of lipolysis was among the first metabolic effects reported in human subjects following the introduction of pituitary
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the cytoplasm, CRY and PER proteins translocate into the nucleus and form inhibitory complexes feeding negatively back on their own transcription. A daily rhythmicity of circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) peaking at daytime in rats is well
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SUMMARY
The effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) and thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) on rabbit adipose tissue were studied. LH-RH increased [14C]glucose oxidation and incorporation into fatty acids and had lipolytic activity, at the same time decreasing [14C]glucose incorporation in glyceride—glycerol fractions. TRH had no significant effect on glucose oxidation or lipolysis but decreased [14C]fatty acid synthesis and [14C]glucose incorporation into glyceride—glycerol fractions.
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neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) respond to circulating satiety hormones, including ghrelin, leptin and insulin to drive (NPY/AgRP; ghrelin) and suppress (POMC/CART; leptin, insulin) feeding ( Andermann & Lowell 2017 ). The corticotropin
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Introduction Since the introduction of immunocytochemistry, various anterior pituitary hormone-producing cells have been classified into subtypes based on the size of secretory granules and the development of cell organelles ( Nogami
