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. NTI, among others, is characterized by low serum T 3 levels and decreased liver deiodinase type 1 (D1) activity ( Peeters et al. 2003 , Wiersinga 2005 ). It has been shown that proinflammatory cytokines are capable of decreasing liver D1 mRNA
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, environmental, and nutritional factors ( Köhrle 2002 ). DIO1 enzyme activity is mainly regulated by triiodothyronine (T 3 ; Köhrle 1994 ), but sex steroids may also be involved in this regulation. Liver DIO1 activity is higher in young male than in female rats
IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
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IEOS-CNR, Naples, Italy
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Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
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IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
IEOS-CNR, Naples, Italy
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Introduction Thyroid diseases and associated pathologies, such as obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and so on, are widespread ( Mehran et al. 2017 ). Genetic and environmental factors contribute to their onset by damaging
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Introduction Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and liver X-receptors (LXRs) are the key regulators of lipid metabolism. Both these receptors prefer to bind to a direct repeat of the consensus DNA-binding site separated by a 4 bp spacing (DR-4), and thus
The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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( Elgazar-Carmon et al . 2008 , Talukdar et al . 2012 ), but already could be tied to insulin resistance, particularly in the liver ( Elgazar-Carmon et al . 2008 , Hadad et al . 2013 ). The secretory profile of adipose tissue is thought to be altered
Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Introduction Obesity, a global health-threatening pandemic, is often accompanied by high rates of metabolic syndromes and disorders, including endocrine abnormalities, type 2 diabetes (T2D), high blood pressure, and fatty blood and liver
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.4.11.3) is an enzyme that inactivates oxytocin via hydrolysis of the peptide bonds between cysteine and tyrosine ( Rogi et al . 1996 , Keller 2003 , Wallis et al . 2007 ). The liver and kidney have been shown to be responsible for the majority of oxytocin
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Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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). In peripheral tissues, AMPK is phosphorylated and activated under elevated AMP levels by liver kinase B1 (LKB1; Sanders et al . 2007 ) following hormonal signals, such as adiponectin ( Yoon et al . 2006 ). Consequently, activated AMPK
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DIPTERIS, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
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DIPTERIS, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Introduction Hepatic steatosis refers to an excess accumulation of lipids, primarily triglycerides (TAGs) and it is a major element of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; Unger et al . 2010 ). Lipid metabolism is mainly regulated by the
Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Virologie, Neuroendocrinolgie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, NeuroPSI UMR9197, University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Virologie, Neuroendocrinolgie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, NeuroPSI UMR9197, University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Virologie, Neuroendocrinolgie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, NeuroPSI UMR9197, University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Virologie, Neuroendocrinolgie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, NeuroPSI UMR9197, University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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, dietary fat plays an important role in the induction of insulin resistance ( Storlien et al . 1997 ). Both the amount and the type of fatty acids ingested alter insulin sensitivity in target tissues (i.e., muscle, adipose tissue and liver) associated with