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). This paradigm reliably produces symptoms of metabolic syndrome and Cushing’s syndrome in male mice ( Karatsoreos et al. 2010 ). In contrast to our expectation, results from this study suggested that the effects of chronic CORT on metabolism were
Department of Medicine Austin Health, Department of Endocrinology, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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70 years of clinical experience. On the other hand, in functional androgen deficiency due to axis suppression because of age-related comorbidities, treatment may aim for a specific health outcome, such as improvement of glucose metabolism, and
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Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of
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Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of
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hypothalamus, regulates most of the processes affected by thyronamines (body temperature, cardiac function, and energy metabolism). Moreover, a principal role in regulating hepatic glucose metabolism has recently emerged for the hypothalamus ( Obici et al
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Biological inactivation and metabolism of oestrogens in the normal liver of animals
Biological inactivation and metabolism of oestrogens in the damaged liver of animals
Biological inactivation and metabolism of oestrogens in the normal human liver
The role of conjugation of oestrogens in their biological inactivation
Role of the enterohepatic circulation in the biological inactivation and metabolism of oestrogens in human subjects
Oestrogen metabolism in human subjects with liver disease
Studies in vitro
Studies on urinary excretion of oestrogens using biological and chemical methods
Studies on the biological effects of oestrogens on the vaginal smear and urinary sediment in liver disease
Studies on the mechanism leading to increased oestrogen excretion and to symptoms of increased oestrogen activity in the organism
The relation of the disturbed metabolism of oestrogens to the clinical symptoms seen in liver disease
Conclusions
References
INTRODUCTION
The nature of the changes in oestrogen metabolism in liver
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, whether prenatal androgen excess may affect ovarian functions and steroid production through lipid metabolism alterations requires further studies. In the ovaries, lipids play a major role in reproductive and metabolic functions. Steroidogenesis
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Introduction The global increase in obesity has led to an increased focus on understanding the regulation of lipid metabolism. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes
Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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wide range of transcription factors involved in cellular energy metabolism. By regulating the activities of these transcription factors, PGC-1α acts as a molecular switch for multiple cellular processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis and
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-overexpressing bovine (b) GH have many features of patients with Acro, including heart hypertrophy and impaired energetic metabolism ( Bollano et al . 2000 , Fu et al . 2000 , Omerovic et al . 2000 ). However, young and elder acromegalic (Acro) mice differed as: i
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Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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important roles in energy metabolism and lipid consumption in adipose tissue ( Karpanen et al . 2008 , Hagberg et al . 2010 ). Our previous study has demonstrated that knockout of VEGFB induces WAT expansion, WAT-associated gene upregulation, BAT
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SUMMARY
The metabolism of [3H]betamethasone has been studied in normal subjects and in patients receiving high therapeutic doses of the steroid. About 70% of the dose was excreted in the urine in 48 hr.; 15–30% of the dose was found in the unconjugated fraction. Six metabolites as well as unchanged betamethasone were isolated and identified by paper chromatography using reference compounds prepared from [3H]betamethasone. The transformations were: oxidation of the 11β-hydroxyl group, hydroxylation at the 6β-position, reduction of the carbonyl group at C-20 and removal of the side chain to give 17-oxosteroids.
