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Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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developmental pathways and drives morphogenetic changes in gubernaculum ( Johnson et al. 2010 ). It was shown that Rxfp2 −/− male mice embryos experienced a dramatic decrease in expression of developmental signaling molecules β-catenin, NOTCH1, and WNT1 in
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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, affects millions worldwide ( Drake & Khosla 2019 ). Despite the existence of current therapies, the economic and health burden of osteoporosis is expected to rise, suggesting an urgent need for a more complete understanding of the molecular pathways
The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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performed western blotting analysis of p-AKT, p-RPS6, and p-AMPK, the components of the mTOR signaling pathway essential for the survival or activation of the primordial follicles. Low p-AKT and p-RPS6 levels and high p-AMPK levels usually suggest that more
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-associated proteins act as a bridge to link complex pathways that bring together bone turnover, mineralisation, mineral and metabolic homeostasis. When these pathways become dysregulated, affected individuals may suffer from bone, muscle and adipose pathology ( Fig. 2
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Keller GM Gadue P 2008 Wnt, activin, and BMP signaling regulate distinct stages in the developmental pathway from embryonic stem cells to blood . Cell Stem Cell 2 60 – 71 . Ogawa K Abe K Kurosawa N Kurohmaru M Sugino H Takahashi M
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Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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increased expression of the VLDL receptor ( Liu et al . 2009 ). Additionally, VLDL appears to be a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway in endothelial cells, in which selective knockdown of its receptor resulted in the upregulation of low
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members of the WNT and TGFβ signaling pathways, well-known regulatory pathway of folliculogenesis ( Van Den Hurk & Zhao 2005 , Knight & Glister 2006 , da Silveira et al. 2012 ). EVs mediated delivery of molecular cargo between the different follicular
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Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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-4) (WiCell Research Institute) were differentiated into cardiomyocytes using small-molecule modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway based on previous protocols ( Lian et al. 2013 , Burridge et al. 2014 ). Cells were cultured in RPMI 1640/1x B27 with
Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and RCMI Molecular Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Department of Urology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California, 90059, USA
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Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and RCMI Molecular Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Department of Urology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California, 90059, USA
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Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and RCMI Molecular Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Department of Urology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California, 90059, USA
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factor. They also share the downstream Smad signaling pathway. Smad3 is a well-known profibrotic agent, more than Smad2, whereas Smad6 and 7 are antifibrotic, similar to another upstream member of the TGF-β1 family, bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP-7
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restored the numbers of progenitor cells to those of the wild-type controls. In addition, it has been reported that ghrelin increases the cellular proliferation of cultured adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells through the activation of MAPK pathways