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Anna Cinkajzlová Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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Miloš Mráz Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic

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Martin Haluzík Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic

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in adipose tissue Cells of the lymphoid line represent a heterogenous cell population involved in both innate and acquired immunity. They develop in bone marrow, thymus and spleen ( Caspar-Bauguil et al. 2005 ). Blood lymphocytes are probably the

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Lingyun Lu Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

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Li Tian Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

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estrone (E1), estradiol (17β-estradiol; E2), and estriol (E3) ( Fuentes & Silveyra 2019 ). Most estrogen is secreted by the ovaries ( Li & Wang 2018 , Mohamad et al. 2020 ); however, it is also produced by other tissues, such as adipose tissue, the

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Rebecca J Ainslie Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ioannis Simitsidellis Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Phoebe M Kirkwood Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Douglas A Gibson Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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protecting the body from pathogens, while tissue-resident macrophages are key players in tissue homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. Monocytes are continuously replenished from the bone marrow, where they are derived from haematopoietic stem cells

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Nava Chapnik
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Gili Solomon
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Yoni Genzer
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Ruth Miskin Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biological Chemistry, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel

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Arieh Gertler
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Oren Froy
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Neuroscience 17 387 – 399 . ( doi:10.1016/S0736-5748(99)00031-3 ) Devlin MJ Cloutier AM Thomas NA Panus DA Lotinun S Pinz I Baron R Rosen CJ Bouxsein ML 2010 Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Adam J Branscum Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Carmen P Wong Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Emily Morey-Holton Life Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA

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Osteoporosis and Physical Activity 5 210 . ( https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-9509.1000210 ) Keune JA Wong CP Branscum AJ Iwaniec UT Turner RT 2017 Bone marrow adipose tissue deficiency increases disuse-induced bone loss in male mice . Scientific

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Bohan Wang Obesity Biology Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK

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I Stuart Wood Obesity Biology Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK

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Paul Trayhurn Obesity Biology Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK

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Introduction White adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ, secreting a wide range of hormones and signaling factors ( Trayhurn & Beattie 2001 , Rajala & Scherer 2003 , Trayhurn & Wood 2004 , Rosen & Spiegelman 2006 ). The tissue is, in

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Yan-Hong Bu Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China
Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Yu-Ling He Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Hou-De Zhou Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Wei Liu Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Dan Peng Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Ai-Guo Tang Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Ling-Li Tang Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Hui Xie Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Qiu-Xia Huang Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Xiang-Hang Luo Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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Er-Yuan Liao Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, 410011 ChangSha, People's Republic of China

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-activated protein kinase pathways to regulate cell differentiation, growth, and metabolism ( Cusi et al . 2000 ). The mammalian IRS family contains at least four members: ubiquitous IRS1 and IRS2, adipose tissue-predominant IRS3, and IRS4, which is expressed in the

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Majdi Masarwi Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Raanan Shamir Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Moshe Phillip Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Galia Gat-Yablonski Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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. Aromatase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the conversion of C19 androgens (androstenedione and testosterone) to C18 estrogenic steroids (estrone and estradiol). It is found in many tissues, including adipose tissue, brain, skin and bone ( Sasano et al

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E P S Conceição Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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E G Moura Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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A C Manhães Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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J C Carvalho Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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J L Nobre Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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E Oliveira Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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P C Lisboa Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Introduction Overweight and obesity are a major public health concern, with social and economic implications ( Finkelstein 2014 ). Both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adipose tissue, mainly in the visceral depot, are associated with high

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Jillian L Rourke Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Shanmugam Muruganandan Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Helen J Dranse Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Nichole M McMullen Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Christopher J Sinal Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Introduction Chemerin, also known as retinoic acid receptor responder (tazarotene-induced) 2, is a hormone-like protein that is secreted by the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) as well as at localized sites of inflammation ( Goralski et al

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