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Gary J Remington Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Celine Teo Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Virginia Wilson Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Araba Chintoh Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Melanie Guenette Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Zohra Ahsan Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Adria Giacca Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Margaret K Hahn Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemias, weight gain and glucose dysmetabolism have been reported ( Goff et al . 2005 , Newcomer 2005 ). While weight gain associated with APs remains a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (DM2) ( Pi-Sunyer 1993 ), there is

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Li Zhao Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chunfang Zhu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Meng Lu Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiaomin Nie Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Buatikamu Abudukerimu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Kun Zhang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhiyuan Ning Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jing Cheng Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Fangzhen Xia Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ningjian Wang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Michael D Jensen Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Yingli Lu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder that is often associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, microvascular disease and other complications ( American Diabetes Association 2016 ). All these

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Youichi Sato Department of Pharmaceutical Information Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima City 770-8505 Japan

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Takanobu Kamada Department of Pharmaceutical Information Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima City 770-8505 Japan

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Aiko Yamauchi Department of Pharmaceutical Information Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima City 770-8505 Japan

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Introduction Diabetes is a major worldwide public health problem ( Zimmet et al . 2001 ) that causes complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease ( Crofford 1995 , Cannon 2008 , Srinivasan

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K Fosgerau Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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P Galle Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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T Hansen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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A Albrechtsen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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C de Lemos Rieper Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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B Klarlund Pedersen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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L Kongskov Larsen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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A Randrup Thomsen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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O Pedersen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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M Bagge Hansen Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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A Steensberg Rheoscience, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Immunology, Department of International Health, Steno Diabetes Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, 2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Introduction A complex interplay of pre- and post-natal environmental factors and polygenetics is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes ( Andersen et al . 2005 ). Prominent pathological features include insulin resistance, inability in a

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Patrik Šimják Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Anna Cinkajzlová Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic

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Kateřina Anderlová Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
3rd Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Antonín Pařízek Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

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Miloš Mráz Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic

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Michal Kršek 3rd Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
2nd Internal Department, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic

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Martin Haluzík Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic

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Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder of pregnancy. It is defined as diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy in patients with no history of diabetes prior to gestation

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Rita Sharma Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Quyen Luong Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Vishva M Sharma Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Mitchell Harberson Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Brian Harper Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Andrew Colborn Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Darlene E Berryman Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Niels Jessen Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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John J Kopchick Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Vishwajeet Puri Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Kevin Y Lee Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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diabetes ( Rizza et al. 1982 , Hansen et al. 1986 , Melmed et al. 2009 ). This induction of insulin resistance is, in all likelihood, a critical part of the response of adipocytes to GH, as it serves to inhibit the anti-lipolytic action of insulin

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Simon J Dunmore
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James E P Brown Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Group, Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK

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Introduction Pancreatic β-cell failure, alongside insulin resistance, can be considered as one of the two key events that leads to the development of type 2 diabetes ( Leahy et al . 2010 ). In the early stages of the disease, insulin resistance is

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Liselotte Fransson Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Stephanie Franzén Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Victoria Rosengren Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Petra Wolbert Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Åke Sjöholm Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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Henrik Ortsäter Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Drug Research, Center of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden

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-treated mice. Ectopic fat accumulation is a condition often referred to as having a substantial negative effect on insulin sensitivity, which also is a key factor of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome ( Hagberg et al . 2012 , Tchernof & Despres 2013

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Christina Antza Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Georgios Kostopoulos Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Samiul Mostafa Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Abd Tahrani Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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) ( https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.REGION2480A?lang=en Accessed (September) (2021)). Considering the health and economic consequences associated with obesity (type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, mortality), there

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Nele Friedrich Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany

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Introduction Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2DM), represents one of the most significant global health problems because it is associated with a large economic burden on the health systems of many countries. The World Health

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