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Mina Takahashi Medicine and Clinical Science, Departments of

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Fumio Otsuka Medicine and Clinical Science, Departments of

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Tomoko Miyoshi Medicine and Clinical Science, Departments of

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Hiroyuki Otani Medicine and Clinical Science, Departments of

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Junko Goto Medicine and Clinical Science, Departments of

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Misuzu Yamashita Medicine and Clinical Science, Departments of

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Toshio Ogura Medicine and Clinical Science, Departments of

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Hirofumi Makino Medicine and Clinical Science, Departments of

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Hiroyoshi Doihara Medicine and Clinical Science, Departments of

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Introduction The involvement of estrogen in the development and progression of breast cancer is well known ( Henderson et al . 1988 , Helzlsouer & Couzi 1995 , Colditz 1998 , Keen & Davidson 2003 ). Most premenopausal and postmenopausal breast

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Ebony T Gilbreath Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA

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Lakshmikripa Jaganathan Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

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Madhan Subramanian Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

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Priya Balasubramanian Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

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Katrina D Linning Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

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Sheba M J MohanKumar Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA

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Puliyur S MohanKumar Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA

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Background Chronic exposure to low levels of estrogen is known to accelerate reproductive aging in female rats ( Kasturi et al. 2009 ). In fact, during the normal aging process, female rats go through a period of constant estrous when they

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Koji Nagayama
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Shigekazu Sasaki
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Akio Matsushita
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Kenji Ohba
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Hiroyuki Iwaki
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Hideyuki Matsunaga
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Shingo Suzuki
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Hiroko Misawa
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Keiko Ishizuka
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Yutaka Oki
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Jaeduk Yoshimura Noh Second Division, Ito Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan

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Hirotoshi Nakamura
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concentrations. However, administration of pharmacologic doses of estrogen (17-β-estradiol, E 2 ) was known to augment the effect of thyroid hormone replacement to suppress TSHβ and CGA mRNA ( Wondisford 1996 and references therein). Indeed, E 2 inhibits

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Sharon Maor Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Doris Mayer Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Ronit I Yarden Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Adrian V Lee Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Rive Sarfstein Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Haim Werner Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Moshe Z Papa Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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indicating that the biological activity of the IGF system is strongly associated with estrogen status ( Lee et al. 1999 , Yee & Lee 2000 ). Estrogens were shown to increase IGF-I binding and IGF-IR mRNA levels in MCF-7 cells by sevenfold, suggesting that

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Lidia I Serova
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Heather A Harris Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA

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Shreekrishna Maharjan
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Esther L Sabban
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influencing these gender-related differences ( Walf & Frye 2005 , Scharfman & MacLusky 2008 , Stovall & Pinkentorn 2008 ). Estrogens have been found to modulate the functions of several physiological systems and their responses to stress in humans and

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Susana I Sá Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Bruno M Fonseca UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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division of the VMN (VMNvl) expresses estrogen receptor (ER) a and b and progesterone receptors (PRs), which depend on the levels of their cognate ligands ( Lauber et al . 1990 , Shughrue et al . 1992 , Sá et al . 2013 , 2015 ). Earlier studies have

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Araceli Morales Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and
Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

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Miriam Gonzalez Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and
Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

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Raquel Marin Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and
Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

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Mario Diaz Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and
Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

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Rafael Alonso Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and
Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain

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GnRH neuronal network to transynaptically modulate the final output of GnRH into the median eminence ( Herbison 1998 , Herbison & Pape 2001 ). Estradiol (E 2 ), the main endogenous regulator of the hypothalamus–pituitary axis, acts through estrogen

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Toni Welsh Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA

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Matrika Johnson Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA

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Lijuan Yi Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA

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Huiqing Tan Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA

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Roksana Rahman Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA

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Amy Merlino Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA

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Tamas Zakar Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA

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Sam Mesiano Department of Reproductive Biology, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA

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Introduction Estrogens (mainly estradiol (E 2 )) promote labor by stimulating biochemical and physical changes in myometrial cells that augment uterine contractility and excitability (for review, see Pepe & Albrecht (1995) ). Studies on various

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Mirja Rotinen Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

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Jon Celay Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

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Marta M Alonso Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

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Aranzazu Arrazola Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

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Ignacio Encio Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

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Joaquin Villar Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

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Introduction The hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase (HSD17B) enzymes catalyze the oxidoreduction of hydroxyl/keto groups of androgens and estrogens and regulate intracellular availability of steroid hormones ( Mindnich et al . 2004 ). To date

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Patrick Müller Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden

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Kenneth W Merrell Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden

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Justin D Crofts Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden

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Caroline Rönnlund Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden

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Chin-Yo Lin Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden

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Jan-Åke Gustafsson Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden

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Anders Ström Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden

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cells. This upregulation is important for the anti-estrogenic effect of atRA ( Muller et al . 2002 ) and appears to affect the expression of the cell cycle regulator E2F-1. Forced expression of HES-1 inhibits an E 2 -mediated increase in E2F-1 and

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