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, Sánchez et al . 2008 ). In addition, DHEA-S can modulate fatty acid (FA) metabolism, through up-regulation of hepatic enzymes involved in β-oxidation ( Waxman 1996 , Depreter et al . 2002 ). The relevance of FAs is far beyond their role as energy
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School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Research Group, UCD Institute for Sport and Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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NOX at high glucose level in a manner independent on fatty acid oxidation ( Graciano et al . 2011 ), whereas oleic acid-induced NOX activation is metabolism-dependent ( Santos et al . 2011 ). We wish to present a hypothetical model of the pro
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CPT1 and the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria, ultimately facilitating mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation ( Fig. 1 ). Ghrelin's orexigenic effect is AMPK-dependent as both compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, and adenoviruses harbouring α-1
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reversed? In addition, pancreatic islets convert glucose into fatty acids by de novo synthesis via citrate production and export from the mitochondria. This will lead to the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Fatty acids play a dual role in β
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hypothesized that an increased de novo lipogenesis after fructose intake in parallel with a decreased fatty acid oxidation leads to hepatic fat deposition. ACC, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CPT1a, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; FA
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high circulatory lipid levels, such as in T2DM, impairs glucose oxidation and consequently results in an increased AMP:ATP ratio and AMPK activation ( Newsholme & Krause 2012 ). As fatty acid oxidation is promoted, fatty acid synthesis is inhibited
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precise mechanism of hepatic lipid accumulation remains incompletely understood, abnormal regulation of lipid disposal through fatty acid (FA) oxidation and processes affecting lipid availability, such as circulating free FA (FFA) uptake, have been
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adipocytes, a dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells, impaired sensing and response to hyperglycemia in the CNS, an excessive accumulation of lipids, and impaired fatty acid oxidation due to obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic predisposition. Skeletal muscle
Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Department of Perinatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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under metformin treatment, which shifts fatty acids flux from IMCL synthesis toward β-oxidation. HFD feeding led to the accumulation of muscular ceramide. However, not all Cer species were affected equally. Accumulation was most pronounced for C18
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insulin resistance is not clearly known. Elevated levels of fatty acids are known to cause the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress ( Carisson et al . 1999 , Rao & Reddy 2001 ). Many studies have shown that the ROS induces
