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Fan Yang College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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Shuang Zhao College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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Pingqing Wang College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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Wei Xiang School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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excitability by arcuate nucleus POMC and NPY neuron neuropeptides in female mice . Endocrinology 153 5587 – 5599 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1470 ) Roa J & Tena-Sempere M 2014 Connecting metabolism and reproduction: roles of central energy

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Elisabetta De Marinis Department of Biology, University of ‘Roma Tre’, Viale Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy

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Chiara Martini Department of Biology, University of ‘Roma Tre’, Viale Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy

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Anna Trentalance Department of Biology, University of ‘Roma Tre’, Viale Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy

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Valentina Pallottini Department of Biology, University of ‘Roma Tre’, Viale Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy

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female rats . Biology of Reproduction 70 348 – 355 . * (E De Marinis and C Martini contributed equally to this work)

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K A Chan Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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M W Tsoulis Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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D M Sloboda Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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8 405 – 416 . ( doi:10.2166/wh.2009.060 ) Gosman GG Katcher HI Legro RS 2006 Obesity and the role of gut and adipose hormones in female reproduction . Human Reproduction Update 12 585 – 601 . ( doi:10.1093/humupd/dml024 ) Gray C

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Jodi L Downs Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006 and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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Henryk F Urbanski Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006 and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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. In contrast, plasma cortisol concentrations did not significantly differ with age (Urbanski et al. 2004, Aghazadeh-Sanai et al. 2005 ). Further, the decline in plasma DHEAS concentrations was observed at an earlier age in females than in males

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Yuxun Zhou Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China

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Wangsheng Zhu Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China

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Zhengxia Guo Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China

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Ying Zhao Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China

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Zijun Song Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China

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Junhua Xiao Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China

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maternal diet high in n-6 polyunsaturated fats administered during pregnancy induced precocious puberty in female rat offspring ( Hilakivi-Clarke et al. 1997 ). The correlation between the age of puberty onset of the mother and the age at which her son or

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D S Gardner Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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B W M Van Bon Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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J Dandrea Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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P J Goddard Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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S F May Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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V Wilson Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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T Stephenson Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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M E Symonds Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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incur developmental consequences exhibit a distinct sex-specific bias. For example, after maternal restraint stress in rats during late gestation (resulting in maternal HPA axis activation), only the adult female offspring are affected; males appear

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Lucas Monje Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Jorgelina Varayoud Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Enrique H Luque Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Jorge G Ramos Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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, estrogens are crucial for sexual differentiation of the central nervous system ( Arnold & Gorski 1984 ). In mammals, α-fetoprotein protects the embryonic female brain from estrogenic action ( Bakker et al. 2006 ) by strongly binding circulating estrogens

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J J Whyte Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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A P Alexenko Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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A M Davis Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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M R Ellersieck Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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E D Fountain Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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C S Rosenfeld Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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and estrogen ( Killen et al. 1989 , Wynn & Wynn 1993 , Dorgan et al. 1996 , Hilakivi-Clarke et al. 2002 , Dorgan et al. 2003 , Fernandez-Twinn et al. 2003 ). Female rats fed a diet enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids had a 48

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Michael W Pankhurst Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Finn CA Mc LA 1962 Long-term reproductive performance of female mice. I. Effect of removing one ovary . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 3 303 – 312 . ( doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0030303 ) Brent LJ Franks DW Foster EA Balcomb KC Cant

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Shuai Li School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

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Wipawee Winuthayanon School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

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Introduction Fertilization is a complex process that enables the reproduction and continuation of the species. In mammals, successful fertilization requires that sperm should survive the extremely harsh environment of the female reproductive

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