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excitability by arcuate nucleus POMC and NPY neuron neuropeptides in female mice . Endocrinology 153 5587 – 5599 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1470 ) Roa J & Tena-Sempere M 2014 Connecting metabolism and reproduction: roles of central energy
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female rats . Biology of Reproduction 70 348 – 355 . * (E De Marinis and C Martini contributed equally to this work)
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Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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8 405 – 416 . ( doi:10.2166/wh.2009.060 ) Gosman GG Katcher HI Legro RS 2006 Obesity and the role of gut and adipose hormones in female reproduction . Human Reproduction Update 12 585 – 601 . ( doi:10.1093/humupd/dml024 ) Gray C
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. In contrast, plasma cortisol concentrations did not significantly differ with age (Urbanski et al. 2004, Aghazadeh-Sanai et al. 2005 ). Further, the decline in plasma DHEAS concentrations was observed at an earlier age in females than in males
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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maternal diet high in n-6 polyunsaturated fats administered during pregnancy induced precocious puberty in female rat offspring ( Hilakivi-Clarke et al. 1997 ). The correlation between the age of puberty onset of the mother and the age at which her son or
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
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Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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Human Development and
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Human Development and
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incur developmental consequences exhibit a distinct sex-specific bias. For example, after maternal restraint stress in rats during late gestation (resulting in maternal HPA axis activation), only the adult female offspring are affected; males appear
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, estrogens are crucial for sexual differentiation of the central nervous system ( Arnold & Gorski 1984 ). In mammals, α-fetoprotein protects the embryonic female brain from estrogenic action ( Bakker et al. 2006 ) by strongly binding circulating estrogens
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
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and estrogen ( Killen et al. 1989 , Wynn & Wynn 1993 , Dorgan et al. 1996 , Hilakivi-Clarke et al. 2002 , Dorgan et al. 2003 , Fernandez-Twinn et al. 2003 ). Female rats fed a diet enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids had a 48
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Finn CA Mc LA 1962 Long-term reproductive performance of female mice. I. Effect of removing one ovary . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 3 303 – 312 . ( doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0030303 ) Brent LJ Franks DW Foster EA Balcomb KC Cant
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Introduction Fertilization is a complex process that enables the reproduction and continuation of the species. In mammals, successful fertilization requires that sperm should survive the extremely harsh environment of the female reproductive