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Yen-Shen Lu Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
Division of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan

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Pei-Yen Yeh Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
Division of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan

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Shuang-En Chuang Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
Division of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan

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Ming Gao Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
Division of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan

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Min-Liang Kuo Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
Division of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan

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Ann-Lii Cheng Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
Division of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Taipei 10016, Taiwan
Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan
Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan

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Introduction Co-administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) with anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin is a common clinical practice used to prevent drug-induced allergic reaction or nausea/ vomiting ( The Italian Group of Anticancer

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M G Gnanalingham Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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A Mostyn Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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D S Gardner Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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T Stephenson Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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M E Symonds Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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; and local glucocorticoid action, as determined by the abundance of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and isoforms of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD). The locations and postulated roles of UCP2, VDAC and cytochrome c are outlined in Fig. 1

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Xiaohui Wang
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Yuxia Chen
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Yan Wang
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Xiaoyan Zhu
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Yuanyuan Ma
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Shimin Zhang Department of Pathophysiology, American Registry of Pathology at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China

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Jian Lu
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Introduction Glucocorticoid (GC) is a significant hormone in regulating diverse physiological processes such as immune and inflammation responses, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis ( Dondi et al . 2001 , Kudawara et al . 2001

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T Kino
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GP Chrousos
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Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids regulate diverse functions important to maintain central nervous system, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune homeostasis. The actions of these hormones are mediated by their specific intracellular receptors: the glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors. Pathologic conditions associated with changes of tissue sensitivity to these hormones have been described. The syndrome of familial glucocorticoid resistance is characterized by hypercortisolism without Cushing's syndrome stigmata. The molecular defects of four kindreds and one sporadic case have been elucidated as inactivating mutations in the ligand-binding domain of GR. Two cases developed glucocorticoid resistance at the heterozygous state. In these patients, mutant receptors possessed transdominant negative activity upon the wild type receptor. Insensitivity to mineralocorticoids (which may also be caused by loss of function mutations of the MR gene) was found in one sporadic case and four autosomal dominant cases of Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. These included two frameshift mutations and a premature termination codon in exon 2, leading to gene products lacking the entire DNA- and ligand-binding domains, and a single base-pair deletion in the intron-5 splice donor site. Tissue hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids was recently hypothesized in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) type-1 infection via the accessory proteins Vpr and Tat which enhance GR transactivation. Since HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and glucocorticoid-responsive promoters use the same set of coactivators, these proteins may stimulate HIV-1-LTR and glucocorticoid-inducible genes concurrently. The former may directly stimulate viral proliferation, while the latter may indirectly enhance viral propagation by suppressing the host immune system through glucocorticoid-mediated mechanisms.

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Abraham B Roos Respiratory Medicine Unit, Lung Research Laboratory L4:01, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital – Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Magnus Nord Respiratory Medicine Unit, Lung Research Laboratory L4:01, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital – Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Introduction Glucocorticoids or (gluco)corticosteroids (GCs) are a mainstay in the treatment of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, although their effectiveness is reduced in several diseases. A poor response and a need for higher doses of GCs

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Masaru Koizumi Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology
Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology

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Toshihiko Yada Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology

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Introduction Induction and progression of diabetes under stress conditions involve elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels, owing to activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system ( Chan et al . 2002 , Tsigos

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Jordan E Hamden Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Katherine M Gray Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Melody Salehzadeh Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Kiran K Soma Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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, resulting in higher adult baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoid (GC) levels ( Plotsky & Meaney 1993 , Liu et al. 2000 , Lehmann et al. 2002 , O’Mahony et al. 2009 , Lajud et al. 2012 , Vargas et al. 2016 ). The effects of ELS on the

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Hwa-Yong Lee Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Tomas J Acosta Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Michiyo Tanikawa Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Ryosuke Sakumoto Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Junichi Komiyama Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Yukari Tasaki Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Mariusz Piskula Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Dariusz J Skarzynski Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Masafumi Tetsuka Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Kiyoshi Okuda Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Physiology and Genetic Regulation, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
Departments of Food Technology and
Reproductive Immunology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are involved in various physiological processes, including general metabolism ( Wang 2005 ), immunological response ( McKay & Cidlowski 1998 , 1999 ), and female reproductive function ( Brann

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Ruijin Shao Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Emil Egecioglu Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Birgitta Weijdegård Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Karin Ljungström Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Charlotte Ling Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Julia Fernandez-Rodriguez Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Håkan Billig Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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glucocorticoid receptor (GR) under some conditions ( Vegeto et al. 1993 ), whereas PRB is shown to activate transcription in several target tissues ( McDonnell & Goldman 1994 , McDonnell et al. 1994 , Wen et al. 1994 ). Recently, studies in PR knockout

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Priyanka De Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India

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Sreerupa Ghose Roy Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India

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Dipak Kar Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India

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Arun Bandyopadhyay Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India

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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are among the most frequently used drugs prescribed for the treatment of various disorders such as inflammatory disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and autoimmune diseases ( Iuchi et al

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