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Carla Tatone Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

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Giovanna Di Emidio Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

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Martina Placidi Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

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Giulia Rossi Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

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Stefania Ruggieri Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Chiara Taccaliti Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Angela D’Alfonso Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

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Fernanda Amicarelli Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

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Maurizio Guido Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

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hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular complications (reviewed by Carvalho et al. 2018 ). Insulin resistance is observed up to 47% in lean PCOS and up to 76% in obese PCOS ( Diamanti

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Anna H Kongsted
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Sanne V Husted
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Malin P Thygesen Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Vibeke G Christensen
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Dominique Blache Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Tolver Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben Larsen Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bjørn Quistorff Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Cook Medical Europe APS, School of Animal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Department of Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mette O Nielsen
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Introduction The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in an epidemic-like fashion, and it is particularly pronounced in developing countries currently undergoing rapid economic transition and experiencing

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Ivana Vaněčková Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Lenka Maletínská Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Michal Behuliak Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Veronika Nagelová Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Josef Zicha Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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Jaroslav Kuneš Institute of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic

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epigenetics to obesity, hypertension, and/or metabolic syndrome is less clear ( Egger et al . 2004 , Gallou-Kabani & Junien 2005 ). We can speculate that obesity-related hypertension develops as a consequence of ‘errors’ in well-coordinated regulatory

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J D Bailey Animal and Range Sciences, National Wildlife Health Center, Departments of

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J G Berardinelli Animal and Range Sciences, National Wildlife Health Center, Departments of

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T E Rocke Animal and Range Sciences, National Wildlife Health Center, Departments of

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R A Bessen Animal and Range Sciences, National Wildlife Health Center, Departments of

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the stage of infection (i.e., preclinical compared with clinical). Specifically, in the 139H scrapie model, a severe preclinical anabolic syndrome was evident and was more pronounced when hamsters were non-fasted, whereas in the HY TME model a severe

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Iwona J Bujalska Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Omar M Durrani Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Joseph Abbott Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Claire U Onyimba Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Pamela Khosla Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Areeb H Moosavi Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Tristan T Q Reuser Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Paul M Stewart Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Elizabeth A Walker Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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Saaeha Rauz Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences,
Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Dudley Road, Birmingham B18 7QU, UK

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), ocular surface renewal ( Onyimba et al. 2006 ), inflammation ( Thieringer et al. 2001 , Zhang et al. 2005 ) and the metabolic syndrome – a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidaemia and insulin

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Felipe de Oliveira Franco Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil

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Magno Alves Lopes Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil

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Felipe dos Santos Henriques Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil

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Rodrigo Xavier das Neves Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Cesário Bianchi Filho Center for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil

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Miguel Luiz Batista Jr Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Center for Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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95 1028 – 1037 . ( doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603360 ) Bjorndal B Burri L Staalesen V Skorve J Berge RK 2011 Different adipose depots: their role in the development of metabolic syndrome and mitochondrial response to hypolipidemic

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Johanna L Barclay School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Hadiya Agada School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Christina Jang School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Micheal Ward School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Neil Wetzig School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Ken K Y Ho School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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activated BAT. These observations provide persuasive evidence for a significant metabolic role of BAT in humans. Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a critical role in the regulation of energy balance. Chronic GC excess, as exemplified in Cushing's syndrome, results

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Susan Kralisch University of Leipzig, Department of Internal Medicine III, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
University of Lübeck, Department of Internal Medicine I, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Johannes Klein University of Leipzig, Department of Internal Medicine III, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
University of Lübeck, Department of Internal Medicine I, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Ulrike Lossner University of Leipzig, Department of Internal Medicine III, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
University of Lübeck, Department of Internal Medicine I, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Matthias Bluher University of Leipzig, Department of Internal Medicine III, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
University of Lübeck, Department of Internal Medicine I, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Ralf Paschke University of Leipzig, Department of Internal Medicine III, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
University of Lübeck, Department of Internal Medicine I, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Michael Stumvoll University of Leipzig, Department of Internal Medicine III, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
University of Lübeck, Department of Internal Medicine I, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Mathias Fasshauer University of Leipzig, Department of Internal Medicine III, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
University of Lübeck, Department of Internal Medicine I, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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symptoms of the metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance and obesity ( Masuzaki et al. 2001 ). Furthermore, studies in humans confirm that local overexpression of 11β-HSD-1 in adipocytes might contribute to insulin resistance found in obesity

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Juthamard Surapongchai Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Mujalin Prasannarong Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Tepmanas Bupha-Intr Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Vitoon Saengsirisuwan Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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characterized by phenotypic features of non-obese metabolic syndrome, whereas ANGII-500-treated rats exhibited diabetes-like symptoms. Rodents infused with a broad range of ANGII concentrations (10–1440 ng/kg/min) via implantable osmotic minipumps have been

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Laurie Rouger Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, WELBIO, Université Paris Diderot, Euroscreen SA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

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G Raphaël Denis Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, WELBIO, Université Paris Diderot, Euroscreen SA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

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Souphalone Luangsay Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, WELBIO, Université Paris Diderot, Euroscreen SA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, WELBIO, Université Paris Diderot, Euroscreen SA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

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Marc Parmentier Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, WELBIO, Université Paris Diderot, Euroscreen SA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, WELBIO, Université Paris Diderot, Euroscreen SA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

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Introduction Obesity and associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases, constitute a rapidly growing health problem in Western countries. According to the World Health Organization, worldwide obesity

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