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Peter J Hornsby Department of Physiology, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas TX 78245, USA
Department of Physiology, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas TX 78245, USA

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provided a very thorough review of the potential significance of adrenarche in human biology. He convincingly links DHEAS to increased brain development, extended life span, and decreased sexual dimorphism. These ideas indicate that the significance of

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Kyle Caires Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 646353, Pullman, Washington 99164-6353, USA

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Johnathan Broady Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 646353, Pullman, Washington 99164-6353, USA

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Derek McLean Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 646353, Pullman, Washington 99164-6353, USA

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for spermatogonial differentiation. Therefore, details about how FSH may contribute to maintenance of SSCs by regulating the expression of GDNF or other factors in sexually mature animals have not been determined. Retinol and retinoic acid Vitamin A is

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Peter Smith AgResearch Invermay, Department of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Robinson Research Institute, Puddle Alley, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
AgResearch Invermay, Department of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Robinson Research Institute, Puddle Alley, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand

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Dagmar Wilhelm AgResearch Invermay, Department of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Robinson Research Institute, Puddle Alley, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand

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Raymond J Rodgers AgResearch Invermay, Department of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Robinson Research Institute, Puddle Alley, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand

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. (1979) reported mesonephric cell migration into the ovary before day 30 (i.e. before gonadal sexual differentiation) in sheep, more recent studies of mice have indicated that initial mesonephric cell migration is dependent on the expression of sry and

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Denys deCatanzaro Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Tyler Pollock Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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( Butcher et al . 1974 , Robker & Richards 1998 , Freeman 2006 ). Actions of E 2 at the hypothalamus can induce female sexual receptivity ( Pfaff 1980 ). After fertilization, E 2 influences the rate of passage of fertilized ova through the fallopian

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Anne M Houbrechts Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Jolien Van houcke Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Veerle M Darras Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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( Jalabert 2005 ). Spermatogenesis occurs in cysts, enveloping a single germ cell clone, and cyst-forming Sertoli cells retain their capacity to proliferate throughout adulthood ( Schulz et al. 2010 ). Zebrafish are sexually mature from approximately 3

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Hongjuan Shi Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Tian Gao Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Zhilong Liu Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Lina Sun Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaolong Jiang Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Lili Chen Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Deshou Wang Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Kobayashi T Wang DS Sakai F Paul-Prasanth B Nakamura M Nagahama Y 2008 Sexual dimorphic expression of genes in gonads during early differentiation of a teleost fish, the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Biology of Reproduction

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Wenxia He Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China

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Xiangyan Dai Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China

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Xiaowen Chen Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China
Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China

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Jiangyan He Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China

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Zhan Yin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China

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ovary-like structure (juvenile ovary), which will either develop into a definite ovary in females or transform into a testis in males around 45 days post-fertilization (dpf; Chen & Ge 2013 ). It takes ∼3 months to reach sexual maturity ( Clelland & Peng

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Rajat K Das
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Sarmistha Banerjee
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Bernard H Shapiro Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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. Life Sciences 36 1169 – 1174 . ( doi:10.1016/0024-3205(85)90234-6 ) Shapiro BH Goldman AS 1979 New thoughts on sexual differentiation of the brain . In Genetic Mechanisms of Sexual Development , pp 221 – 252 . Eds Porter IH

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Chandrika D Mahalingam Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Tanuka Datta Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Rashmi V Patil Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Jaclynn Kreider Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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R Daniel Bonfil Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Keith L Kirkwood Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Steven A Goldstein Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Abdul B Abou-Samra Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Nabanita S Datta Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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. Overexpression and knockout (KO) studies suggest that PTH, PTHrP, and PTH1R are important physiologically for the maturation and differentiation of osteoblasts ( Karaplis et al . 1994 , Weir et al . 1996 , Lanske et al . 1999 , Calvi et al . 2001 , Miao

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Inga K Johnsen Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Steroid Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Marc Slawik Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Steroid Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Igor Shapiro Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Steroid Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Michaela F Hartmann Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Steroid Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Stefan A Wudy Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Steroid Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Brendan D Looyenga Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Steroid Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Gary D Hammer Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Steroid Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Martin Reincke Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Steroid Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Felix Beuschlein Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Steroid Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Medizinische Klinik - Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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). WT-1 is a zinc finger-containing transcription factor, which has been implicated in the development of the indifferent gonad prior to sexual differentiation as well as in the etiology of certain neoplasia. Interestingly, GATA-4 together with WT-1 is

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