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Fabio Arturo Iannotti Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Campania, Italy

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Vincenzo Di Marzo Director, Joint International Research Unit for the Chemical and Biomolecular Study of the Microbiome in Metabolic Health and Nutrition (JIRU-MicroMeNu) between the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry) and Université Laval, Naples, Campania, Italy
Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, CRIUCPQ, INAF and Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada

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sensitivity and fat accumulation, are the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). These are small metabolites produced from the digestion of complex fibres. Several GPCR targets have been identified for SCFA ( Hernández et al. 2019 ). Microbial-derived amino acid

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Gut microbiome special collection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-20-0444
Volume/Issue:
Volume 248: Issue 2
Free access
Maria L Price Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK

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Cameron D Ley Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK

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Caroline M Gorvin Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, UK

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-A204E variant, which has a loss of constitutive activity in vitro , and has been identified in patients with short stature and obesity ( Pantel et al. 2006 ). Although this mutation abolishes constitutive activity, reduces body length, and impairs GH

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-21-0206
Volume/Issue:
Volume 252: Issue 1
Open access
John M C Connell MRC Blood Pressure Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gardiner Institute, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK

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Eleanor Davies MRC Blood Pressure Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gardiner Institute, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK

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-reticularis for a short period after birth and is regulated by ACTH ( Mellon et al. 1995 , Zhou et al. 1995 ). Regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis A number of factors have been shown to stimulate or inhibit aldosterone

Article Type:
Other
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06017
Volume/Issue:
Volume 186: Issue 1
Free access
Thomas Dickmeis Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

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, these biological rhythms are generated by an endogenous biological ‘clock’ or ‘pacemaker’ which keeps time even in the absence of environmental cues ( Dunlap et al . 2004 ). Characteristically, the period length of this clock is slightly shorter or

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-08-0415
Volume/Issue:
Volume 200: Issue 1
Free access
Maria Carolina S Mendes Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Gustavo D Pimentel Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Felipe O Costa Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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José B C Carvalheira Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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immune system in response to tissue stress or infection serves as an adaptive response that is essential to host survival ( Ramos et al . 2004 ). These responses include fever, headache, changes in the sleep–wake cycle, anorexia, fatigue, and nausea

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-15-0170
Volume/Issue:
Volume 226: Issue 3
Free access
Bruce S McEwen Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Jason D Gray Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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Carla Nasca Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA

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distorted, as in chronic inflammation or a flat cortisol diurnal rhythm caused by sleep deprivation or depression. Another important feature of the allostatic load concept is the notion that the mediators that normally help the body and brain adapt to

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-15-0121
Volume/Issue:
Volume 226: Issue 2
Free access
Pauline Campos College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

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Jamie J Walker College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

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Patrice Mollard IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France

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discussed later in this review, anaesthetics, even when used for a very short period of time, may affect neuronal dynamics, lead to changes in hormone secretion, or alter animal behaviour. Head-fixed habituation For head-fixed experiments, it is useful

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-20-0028
Volume/Issue:
Volume 246: Issue 2
Open access
Shaodong Guo Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 South 1st Street, Bldg. 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA

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distinct connections and neurochemistry, which regulate food intake, hormone release, sleep and wake cycles, and other biological functions. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a neuronal synapse, it causes neurotransmitter release

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13-0327
Volume/Issue:
Volume 220: Issue 2
Free access
Manuel D Gahete Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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David Rincón-Fernández Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Alicia Villa-Osaba Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Daniel Hormaechea-Agulla Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Antonio J Martínez-Fuentes Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Francisco Gracia-Navarro Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Justo P Castaño Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Raúl M Luque Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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-copy gene ( GHRL ) located on the short arm of chromosome 3, which was originally thought to be composed of four coding exons (exons 1–4) ( Sato et al . 2012 ). However, more recent studies have revealed the existence of a number of alternative upstream

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13-0391
Volume/Issue:
Volume 220: Issue 1
Free access