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Brit H Boehmer Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Sean W Limesand School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Paul J Rozance Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Introduction Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as the failure of a fetus to achieve its genetic potential for size. Placental insufficiency is a leading cause of IUGR in humans and complicates 4–8% of pregnancies ( Hendrix

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Cun Li
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Thomas J McDonald
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Guoyao Wu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Animal Science, Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Mark J Nijland
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Peter W Nathanielsz
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appetitive drive postnatally ( Kirk et al . 2009 , Steculorum & Bouret 2011 b , Sarr et al . 2012 ). We have developed a nonhuman primate, baboon model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) to determine the effects of this common pathophysiological

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Sonnet S Jonker Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Daniel Kamna Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Dan LoTurco Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Research Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Jenai Kailey Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Research Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Laura D Brown Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Research Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Introduction Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results from inadequate placental function limiting fetal nutrient delivery, impairing normal growth and development ( Marconi & Paolini 2008 ). Infants affected by placental insufficiency

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Melissa A Davis School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Leticia E Camacho School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Alexander L Pendleton School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Andrew T Antolic School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Rosa I Luna-Ramirez School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Amy C Kelly School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Nathan R Steffens School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Miranda J Anderson School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Sean W Limesand School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Introduction Placental insufficiency restricts the transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, which leads to fetal hypoxemia, hypoglycemia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) ( Pardi et al. 1993 , Resnik 2002 ). Under hypoxemic

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Alison Mostyn UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Linda Attig UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Thibaut Larcher UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Samir Dou UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Pascale Chavatte-Palmer UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Monia Boukthir UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Arieh Gertler UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Jean Djiane UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Michael E Symonds UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Latifa Abdennebi-Najar UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) between day 2 and day 10 after birth can partially rectify this adverse metabolic phenotype although its effects on adipose tissue appear to be confined to white adipocytes ( Attig et al . 2008 ). The aim of this study

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Susan M Soto Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Amy C Blake Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Stephanie R Wesolowski Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Paul J Rozance Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Kristen B Barthel Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Bifeng Gao Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Byron Hetrick Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA

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Carrie E McCurdy Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA

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Natalia G Garza Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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William W Hay Jr Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Leslie A Leinwand Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Jacob E Friedman Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Laura D Brown Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Introduction In pregnancies affected by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a poorly functioning placenta restricts nutrient supply to the fetus, preventing normal fetal growth ( Marconi & Paolini 2008 , Figueras & Gardosi 2011 ). Fetal

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Eileen I Chang Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Paul J Rozance Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Stephanie R Wesolowski Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Leanna M Nguyen Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Steven C Shaw Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Robert A Sclafani Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Kristen K Bjorkman Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Angela K Peter Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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William W Hay Jr Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Laura D Brown Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetus with less muscle mass than in normally growing fetuses ( Padoan et al. 2004 ). A particularly relevant sheep model of placental insufficiency and IUGR produced by exposing pregnant ewes to elevated ambient

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Trassanee Chatmethakul Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Robert D Roghair Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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. 2005 , Samuelsson et al. 2008 , Elahi et al. 2009 ). Furthermore, offspring of isocaloric but low protein-fed mice also develop high blood pressure and postnatal endothelial dysfunction ( Clough 2015 ). Likewise, rat models of IUGR display

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Neele S Dellschaft Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Marie-Cecile Alexandre-Gouabau Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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David S Gardner Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Jean-Philippe Antignac Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Duane H Keisler Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Helen Budge Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Michael E Symonds Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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Sylvain P Sebert Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Early Life Research Unit, INRA and University of Nantes, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Oniris, Department of Animal Science, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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, outcomes linked to mechanisms affecting the size at birth ( Barker 1997 , Roseboom et al . 2000 ). In large mammals, including sheep, pigs, and humans, chronic caloric restriction throughout late gestation results in intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR

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Dipali Goyal School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Sean W Limesand School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Ravi Goyal School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Bestor TH 2000 The DNA methyltransferases of mammals . Human Molecular Genetics 9 2395 – 2402 . ( https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/9.16.2395 ) 10.1093/hmg/9.16.2395 11005794 Boehmer BH Limesand SW Rozance PJ 2017 The impact of IUGR on pancreatic

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