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Margaret K Hahn Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Adria Giacca Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Sandra Pereira Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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al. 2020 ). This disparity is associated with sex-specific factors such as differences in circulating levels of estrogen and testosterone ( Macotela et al. 2009 , Yan et al. 2019 , Tramunt et al. 2020 ). Sex hormones also affect body

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-23-0308
Volume/Issue:
Volume 260: Issue 3
Open access
Sandra K Szlapinski London, Ontario, Canada

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David J Hill Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

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( Szlapinski & Hill 2021 ). In humans, maternal insulin resistance is driven by placental growth hormone, placental lactogen, estrogen, progesterone, and other pregnancy hormones ( Newbern & Freemark 2011 ). During this potential state of metabolic stress, the

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-23-0317
Volume/Issue:
Volume 260: Issue 3
Restricted access