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UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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both androgens and estrogens exert ‘activational’ effects on the liver during puberty onset, resulting in two distinct biological systems ( Mauvais-Jarvis 2015 ). In addition, hepatic estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression also influences sex
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contributory ( Gupta et al. 2020 ). Notably, estrogen increases glycogen deposition within the vaginal mucosa, which is a major substrate used by the vaginal microbiota. This glycogen is broken down to glucose and then fermented (primarily via the actions of