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Aldo Grefhorst Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Johanna C van den Beukel Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Wieneke Dijk Division of Human Nutrition, Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Jacobie Steenbergen Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Gardi J Voortman Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Selmar Leeuwenburgh Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Theo J Visser Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Sander Kersten Division of Human Nutrition, Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Edith C H Friesema Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Axel P N Themmen Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Jenny A Visser Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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increasing the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids (BAs) ( Worthmann et al. 2017 ). Of interest, the liver is the main metabolic organ that controls whole-body TG, cholesterol and BA metabolism. With respect to TG homeostasis, the liver is able to

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Andre Sarmento-Cabral Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Mercedes del Rio-Moreno Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Mari C Vazquez-Borrego Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Mariyah Mahmood Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Elena Gutierrez-Casado Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Natalie Pelke Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Grace Guzman Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Papasani V Subbaiah Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Jose Cordoba-Chacon Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Shoshana Yakar Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA

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Rhonda D Kineman Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Introduction In the healthy liver, hepatocyte growth hormone receptor (GHR)-signaling activates multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways to modulate hepatic function ( Dehkhoda et al. 2018 ). It is well accepted that GH signals

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Banrida Wahlang Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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exposures to persistent and volatile organic pollutants on liver and cardio-metabolic diseases. Dr Wahlang was formerly a University of Kentucky and University of Louisville Superfund Research Center trainee and an NRSA postdoctoral fellow. Dr Wahlang

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Leke Wiering Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany

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Frank Tacke Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease ( Cotter & Rinella 2020 ). Various stages are grouped under the term NAFLD ( Fig. 1 ): the initial stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver

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E M de Vries Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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H C van Beeren Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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M T Ackermans Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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A Kalsbeek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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A Boelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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, the peripheral handling of THs is also markedly altered during fasting ( Vagenakis et al . 1977 , Harris et al . 1978 ). In the liver, an important site for TH metabolism, type 1 deiodinase (D1) and type 3 deiodinase (D3) are expressed. Type 1

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Hyo Youl Moon
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Parkyong Song BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Cheol Soo Choi BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Sung Ho Ryu BioSignal Network Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Engineering Building 104, 689-805 Ulsan, Republic of Korea

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Pann-Ghill Suh
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2008 ). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic component of metabolic syndrome, which is highly associated with obesity and insulin resistance ( Postic & Girard 2008 ). A representative phenomenon of NAFLD is hepatic

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Prabhakara R Nagareddy Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, UK

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Sunil K Noothi Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, UK

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Michelle C Flynn Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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Andrew J Murphy Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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emphasis on reticulated platelets and the role of the liver in regulating megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. Cardiovascular risk factor contribution to myelopoiesis As stated earlier, monocyte levels are associated with CAD. However, different

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Peixin Li Department of Comprehensive Surgery, Medical and Health Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Zhijian Rao East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Brenton Thomas Laing East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Wyatt Bunner East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Taylor Landry East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Amber Prete East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Yuan Yuan East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Zhong-Tao Zhang Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Hu Huang East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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considered to be primarily from limited energy intake. Benefits include enhanced insulin action in skeletal muscle ( Friedman et al. 1992 ), decreased fat content in adipose tissue ( Dadson et al. 2016 ) and suppressed fat accumulation in the liver

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Samuel M Lee Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Jose Muratalla Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Marta Sierra-Cruz Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Jose Cordoba-Chacon Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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metabolism. As such, extensive research has been performed on them to develop pharmacological therapies to treat diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The activation of these receptors with exogenous ligands, however, may evoke side

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Mohamed Asrih Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle‐Perret‐Gentil 4, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle‐Perret‐Gentil 4, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland

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Introduction Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem considered to be the most common chronic liver disorder in the Western countries. NAFLD is estimated to affect at least 30% of the general population ( Ratziu et al

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