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Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
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Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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PDXs. These models are becoming critical to preclinical discovery and testing programs in Australia and overseas ( Lawrence et al. 2018 , 2021 , Watt et al. 2019 , Nyquist et al. 2020 , Porter et al. 2021 ). Towards development of more
Mothers and Babies Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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Research Acceleration Award, and US Department of Defence CDMRP FY19 Prostate Cancer Research Program – Idea Development Award (W81XWH2010331). The Translational Research Institute is supported by an Australian Government grant. The authors have no
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones, secreted by the adrenals to regulate a range of metabolic, immunologic, and homeostatic functions. Due to their potent anti-inflammatory effects, synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used to treat inflammatory disorders. However, their use especially at high doses and over the long-term is associated with several unwanted side effects that compromises their intended use (e.g. glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and/or diabetes, myopathy, and skin atrophy). Both endogenous and synthetic glucocorticoids exert their effects through the glucocorticoid receptor, a transcription factor present in nearly all nucleated cells. Glucocorticoid receptor knockout mouse models have proved to be valuable tools in understanding how glucocorticoids contribute to skeletal health and disease. These models, described in this review, have helped to establish that the effects of glucocorticoids on the skeleton are multifaceted, cell specific and concentration dependent. Intriguingly, while endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for bone formation, high-dose exogenous glucocorticoids may induce bone loss. Additionally, the actions of endogenous glucocorticoids vary greatly depending on the disease microenvironment. For example, endogenous glucocorticoids have predominately beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in rheumatoid arthritis, but detrimental actions in osteoarthritis by driving cartilage loss and abnormal bone formation. Studies in tissue-specific knockout models provide important insights that will aid the development of new glucocorticoid therapeutics that can specifically target certain cell types to minimise unwanted effects from current glucocorticoid therapy.
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of Type 2 Diabetes (T4DM) study’. T4DM sought to determine whether treatment with testosterone, on the background of a lifestyle program, would prevent the progression of prediabetes to T2D or reverse newly diagnosed T2D in men aged 50 and over with
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control the genes that virilise these structures. A full colour version of this figure is available at https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-22-0296 . The male programming window of sensitivity Whilst we had established a pathway for virilisation
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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hypertensive patients around the world who are never screened for aldosterone excess. A concerted effort to improve screening for PA via expanded public health programs is needed so that the benefits of PA discovery research can be translated into improved
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Perkovic V , 2020 The effect of canagliflozin on amputation risk in the CANVAS program and the CREDENCE trial . Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 22 1753 – 1766 . ( https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14091 ) Azmi S Ferdousi M Kalteniece A Petropoulos
South Australian Adult Genetics Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Academy for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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express variable levels of the immune checkpoint protein programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Its role in pituitary tumorigenesis remains unclear. PD-L1 expression has been associated with a higher Ki67 index ( Wang et al. 2018 ), but the relationship
