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Andrea Lovdel University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Karla J Suchacki University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Fiona Roberts University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Richard J Sulston University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Robert J Wallace Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Benjamin J Thomas University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Rachel M B Bell University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Iris Pruñonosa Cervera University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Gavin J Macpherson Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Nicholas M Morton University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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Natalie Z M Homer University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Karen E Chapman University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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William P Cawthorn University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Introduction Bone marrow adipocytes comprise up to 70% of total bone marrow (BM) volume and over 10% of total adipose mass in healthy adult humans, collectively forming an integrated tissue referred to as bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT

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M J Devlin Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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D J Brooks Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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C Conlon Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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M van Vliet Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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L Louis Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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C J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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M L Bouxsein Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Introduction Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a complex and dynamic depot that likely includes both constitutive and regulated cell populations ( Devlin & Rosen 2015 , Scheller et al . 2015 ). MAT accumulation is a normal component of

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Karla J Suchacki The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Fiona Roberts The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian

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Andrea Lovdel The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Colin Farquharson The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian

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Nik M Morton The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Vicky E MacRae The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian

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William P Cawthorn The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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bones involves its integral role in the endocrine control of whole-body energy metabolism ( Guntur & Rosen 2013 ). One example of the poorly understood metabolic functions of the skeleton is the presence of adipose tissue within the bone marrow

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Ya Pei Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Honggui Li Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Yuli Cai Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Jing Zhou Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Xianjun Luo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Linqiang Ma Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Kelly McDaniel Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA

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Tianshu Zeng Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Yanming Chen Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Xiaoxian Qian Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Yuqing Huo Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China

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Shannon Glaser Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA

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Fanyin Meng Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA

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Gianfranco Alpini Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA

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Lulu Chen Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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past decade, much evidence has demonstrated the persistence of low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue during obesity ( Weisberg et al. 2003 , Xu et al. 2003 , Lumeng et al. 2007 ) and validated adipose tissue inflammation as a critical factor

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences
Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Kenneth A Philbrick Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Carmen P Wong Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Dawn A Olson Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Adam J Branscum Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences
Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans with toluidine blue was used to identify the cartilage within trabeculae. Adipocyte number and area were also measured and expressed as bone marrow adiposity (tissue area occupied by adipocytes: adipocyte area/tissue area

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Patricia K Russell Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Salvatore Mangiafico Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Barbara C Fam Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Michele V Clarke Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Evelyn S Marin Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Sofianos Andrikopoulos Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Kristine M Wiren Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
Departments of Medicine and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Rachel A Davey Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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hypogonadal patients as compared to the other fat depots, bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is significantly associated with skeletal health. Although studies on the function of BMAT is limited, it is clear that increased BMAT is associated with decreased bone

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Kenneth A Philbrick Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Amida F Kuah Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Adam J Branscum Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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et al . 2013 ). The lower bone formation generally reported in these mice is primarily due to reduced osteoblast number, although reduced osteoblast activity has also been noted. The dramatic increase in bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) in long bones

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Monisha Rajasekaran Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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Ok-Joo Sul Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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Eun-Kyung Choi Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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Ji-Eun Kim Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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Jae-Hee Suh Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea

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Hye-Seon Choi Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea

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of adherent soft tissue. The bone ends were cut, and the marrow cavity was flushed with α-MEM from one end of the bone using a sterile 21-gauge needle. The bone marrow was further agitated using a Pasteur pipette in order to obtain a single

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Corine Martineau
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Louise Martin-Falstrault Laboratoire du Métabolisme Osseux, Laboratoire du Métabolisme des Lipoprotéines, BioMed, Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8

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Louise Brissette Laboratoire du Métabolisme Osseux, Laboratoire du Métabolisme des Lipoprotéines, BioMed, Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8

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Robert Moreau
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and reduced Sost gene expression, indicating that ACTH may contribute to the high bone mass phenotype of null mice. In contrast, high plasma leptin levels and enhanced Lep gene expression in adipose tissue were seen in null females only. Moreover

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Thomas M Braxton School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Dionne E A Sarpong School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Janine L Dovey School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Anne Guillou IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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Bronwen A J Evans School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Juan M Castellano Physiology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, and Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMBIC), Cordoba, Spain

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Bethany E Keenan School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Saja Baraghithy Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

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Sam L Evans School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Manuel Tena-Sempere Physiology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, and Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMBIC), Cordoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain

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Patrice Mollard IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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Joseph Tam Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

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Timothy Wells School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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model. This marked decline in tibial marrow adiposity is due to reductions in both marrow adipocyte number and size. While the latter parallels the changes we previously reported in intra-abdominal white adipose tissue ( Golding et al. 2017 ), our

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