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Fabio Arturo Iannotti Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Campania, Italy

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Vincenzo Di Marzo Director, Joint International Research Unit for the Chemical and Biomolecular Study of the Microbiome in Metabolic Health and Nutrition (JIRU-MicroMeNu) between the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry) and Université Laval, Naples, Campania, Italy
Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, CRIUCPQ, INAF and Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada

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the ionotropic transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channels ( Di Marzo 2018 ) ( Fig. 1 ). Figure 1 Endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling in the brain: neuromodulatory and immune modulatory function, receptors and major biosynthetic

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Julie Rodriguez Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Nathalie M Delzenne Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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The gut microbiota is now widely recognized as an important factor contributing to the regulation of host metabolic functions. Numerous studies describe an imbalance in the gut microbial ecosystem in response to an energy-dense diet that drives the development of metabolic disorders. In this context, the manipulation of the gut microbiota by food components acting as prebiotics appears as a promising strategy. Several studies have already investigated the beneficial potency of prebiotics, mostly inulin-type fructans, on host metabolism and key intestinal functions including gut hormone release. For the last 20 years, several non-digestible compounds present in food have been shown to modulate the gut microbiota and influence host metabolism in essential organs involved in the control of energy homeostasis. To date, numerous reviews summarize the impact of prebiotics on the liver or the brain. Here we propose to describe the mechanisms by which prebiotics, through modulation of the gut microbiota and endocrine functions, modulates the metabolic cross-talk communication between the gut, the adipose tissue and skeletal muscles.

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Marion Régnier UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Matthias Van Hul UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Claude Knauf Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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Patrice D Cani UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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modulating the expression of neuropeptides (i.e. increase in appetite-stimulating AgRP and decrease in appetite-suppressing α-MSH), thereby suggesting that emulsifiers may endanger health by modulating the gut-to-brain axis ( Holder et al. 2019 ). The

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Nicole G Barra Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Fernando F Anhê Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Joseph F Cavallari Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Anita M Singh Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Darryl Y Chan Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Jonathan D Schertzer Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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. This species requires molybdenum for dopamine dehydroxylation, which metabolizes the medication Levodopa used in Parkinson’s disease, preventing dopamine from crossing the blood-brain barrier ( Maini Rekdal et al. 2019 ). Microbial molybdenum

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Erica Yeo Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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Patricia L Brubaker Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

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Deborah M Sloboda Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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human microbiota during pregnancy . PNAS 112 11060 – 11065 . ( https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502875112 ) Dinan TG Cryan JF 2017 The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease . Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 46 77 – 89 . ( https

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