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Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Introduction It was in the 1930s, after the discovery and first use of insulin, that Harold Percival Himsworth first made the distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes ( Bryder & Harper 2013 ). However, it was not until the 1970s
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Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
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Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
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Heterogeneity of diabetes Present official classification of diabetes Diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2D), is one of the fastest increasing diseases worldwide. However, under the term T2D, we lump together diseases with varying
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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pancreatic islets. Although they consist of only 1–2% of the adult pancreas, islets are critical for regulating glucose homeostasis. The hormone insulin is secreted solely by islet β-cells. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released. Diabetes occurs
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Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease characterized by severe loss of insulin secretion, requiring insulin replacement therapy for the individual’s lifetime. The disease is often diagnosed in children and adolescents, but
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Introduction The year 2021 will celebrate the 100 th anniversary of the clinical use of insulin. This embodied a lifesaver for people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D), the most common chronic disease in children and young adolescents. But it
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Insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells is critical to regulate blood glucose levels and maintain nutrient homeostasis ( Cantley & Ashcroft 2015 ). Defects in insulin secretion and action lead to diabetes mellitus, a disease characterised by
