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European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium
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European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium
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intestinal homeostasis (gut microbiota composition and gut barrier function) directly or indirectly (via microbial-produced metabolites) disturbs the production and secretion of gut endocrine hormones, thereby triggering metabolic diseases ( Fig. 2 ). The
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bacterial components that penetrate host extra-intestinal tissues ( Gérard 2016 , Anhê et al. 2020 a ). The intestine harbors the majority of commensal microbes in humans. Nutrients, bacteria, and host cells that direct immune, endocrine, and metabolic
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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part, by endocrine-mediated pathways ( Napso et al. 2018 ). However, it has been suggested that these changes alone are unable to fully explain the maternal metabolic shifts that occur from early to late pregnancy ( Kirwan et al. 2002 ). Figure 1
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, Allin et al. 2018 ). This suggests that the gut microbiota can be involved (as a cause or consequence) in the insulin resistance process, and therefore in the disruption of endocrine system. Indeed, compared to non-diabetic individuals, the gut
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Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and School of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, CRIUCPQ, INAF and Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
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2238 . ( https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219485110 ) Delzenne NM Rodriguez J Olivares M Neyrinck AM 2020 Microbiome response to diet: focus on obesity and related diseases . Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 21 369 – 380