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Margaret K Hahn Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Adria Giacca Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Sandra Pereira Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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, estrogen and progesterone. The estrous cycle and its phases in female rats and mice are analogous to the menstrual cycle in women ( Ajayi & Akhigbe 2020 ). While the menstrual cycle lasts ~28 days, the estrous cycle is shorter, lasting 4–5 days ( Ajayi

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-23-0308
Volume/Issue:
Volume 260: Issue 3
Open access
Sandra K Szlapinski London, Ontario, Canada

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David J Hill Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

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( Szlapinski & Hill 2021 ). In humans, maternal insulin resistance is driven by placental growth hormone, placental lactogen, estrogen, progesterone, and other pregnancy hormones ( Newbern & Freemark 2011 ). During this potential state of metabolic stress, the

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-23-0317
Volume/Issue:
Volume 260: Issue 3
Restricted access