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metabolism Fluoride (F) Male: 4 mg^ Female: 3 mg^ Pregnant: 3 mg^ Lactation: 3 mg^ F supplementation in broiler chickens ↑ Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. ↓ Lactobacillus spp ., Bifidoobacterium spp., diversity F exposure Laying hens
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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that sex hormones may be formidable contributors to microbiota variability. In mice, males and females have distinct gut microbiota after the onset of puberty ( Markle et al. 2013 , Steegenga et al. 2014 , Kaliannan et al. 2018 ). Since the