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Marilyn B Renfree School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Geoff Shaw School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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the first demonstration of androgen imprinting in which exposure to the hormone during a short window of sensitivity caused later sexual differentiation events ( Fig. 5 ). We followed up by investigating the expression of the genes responsible for

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Sunita M C De Sousa Endocrine & Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
South Australian Adult Genetics Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Nèle F Lenders Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Lydia S Lamb Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Warrick J Inder Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
Academy for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Ann McCormack Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Scaffold protein with multiple functions, including regulation of p27 expression and DNA replication and repair Inactivating mutations distributed throughout the gene Mostly frameshift, nonsense and missense mutations, less commonly splice site mutations

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Kirsty G Pringle School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Mothers and Babies Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia

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Lisa K Philp Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health & School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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) showed a biphasic age-driven distribution of Ace2 in murine lungs and trachea across three different gene expression datasets ( Inde et al. 2021 ). First, there was a subtle biphasic distribution in two of the three datasets where lung and tracheal

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Adam Hagg School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Eliza O’Shea School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Craig A Harrison Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

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Kelly L Walton School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

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.1101/gad.8.4.414 ) 8125256 Voutilainen R Eramaa M & Ritvos O 1991 Hormonally regulated inhibin gene expression in human fetal and adult adrenals . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 73 1026 – 1030 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-73

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Eugenie Macfarlane Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Hong Zhou Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Markus J Seibel Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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, the ligand-bound GR can either act directly or indirectly on DNA to activate or repress target gene expression. There are three main proposed pathways that describe GR-mediated initiation of gene expression: transactivation, composite transactivation

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Jun Yang Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Morag J Young Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Discovery & Preclinical Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Timothy J Cole Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Peter J Fuller Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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ENaC and, as a consequence, slows ENaC degradation ( Snyder et al. 2002 ). Regulation of ENaCα-subunit gene expression involves sgk-1 through relief of Dotla-Af9-mediated transcriptional repression ( Zhang et al. 2007 ). Nedd4-2 is also regulated by

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Renea A Taylor Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia

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Mitchell G Lawrence Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Gail P Risbridger Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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technical limitations to using PDXs in discovery research. For example, it is more challenging to perform mechanistic studies involving knockdown or over-expression of candidate genes using PDXs compared to cell lines. In vivo genetic screens have been

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Ken KY Ho Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent’s Hospital and the UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Anthony J O’Sullivan St. George Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Morton G Burt Southern Adelaide Diabetes and Endocrine, Flinders Medical Centre and College of Medicine and Public Health, and Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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expression of genes promoting triglyceride storage ( Zhao et al. 2011 ). Moreover, GH inhibits lipoprotein lipase, the major enzyme responsible for the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids prior to uptake by adipose tissue ( Richelsen et al

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Gary A Wittert Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Department of Endocrinology Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia

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Bu B Yeap Medical School, University of Western Australia, and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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David J Handelsman ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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shuttled to the nucleus where they bind on specific DNA sequences (response elements), in gene promotor regions to regulate gene transcription in concert with transcriptional cofactors. In addition, there may be expression of cell membrane-bound sex steroid

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Emma J Hamilton Medical School, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

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Stephen M Twigg Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, the Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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was associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6, which in turn leads to increased expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand (RANKL

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